Divorce risk factors and their variation over time in Spain

The aim of this article is to analyse the determinants of marriage dissolution in Spain and their variation over time for women married between 1949 and 2006. Data are drawn from the Survey of Fertility, Family and Values of 2006. The article analyses the transition from first marriage to marital dissolution for couples who married in two eras: one prior to the Divorce Law of 1981, during which social and legal barriers to dissolution were many, and one in the period after the law was introduced, during which barriers to marriage dissolution were far fewer. Analyses are conducted using a continuous time event history model. The results indicate some similarities between Spain and other countries, such as the positive relationship between the typical features of unconventional families and marital dissolution, but also some specific differences, such as an increase in the importance of premarital pregnancy and/or not having children. It is also important to stress the declining importance of socio-economic variables, such as education and the labour market situation of women.age heterogamy, children and divorce, divorce, education and divorce, event history analysis, parental divorce, premarital children, premarital cohabitation, premarital pregnancy, separation

Género y clase en la biografía de una científica de élite

A pesar de que la sociología ha demostrado que los condicionamientos sociales, tales como el género o la clase social, son cruciales para explicar la trayectoria vital del individuo, es común la creencia en que la voluntad individual puede superar características sociológicas adversas para la consecución de una posición social aventajada. Las excepciones a la regularidad empírica constituyen ejemplos que refuerzan dicha idea. Gertrudis de la Fuente, pionera en la bioquímica en España, mujer e hija de un obrero, es una de esas excepciones. Su historia de vida sirve para reflexionar sobre la incidencia de los condicionamientos sociales en la «construcción de la vocación» y en la configuración de la trayectoria vital. Finalmente, se plantea el tributo que «las excepciones» han de pagar para lograr de una posición privilegiada en la élite científica desde la perspectiva de género.In spite of the fact that Sociology has proved that social conditionings, such as gender or social class, are crucial in explaining the life patterns of the individual, the belief that he or she can overcome adverse sociological limitations in order to achieve outstanding status is common. Exceptions to the empirical regularity constitute examples that support the aforementioned idea. Gertrudis de la Fuente, pioneer of Biochemistry in Spain, from a working class family, is one of those exceptions. Her life history is useful for reflecting on the incidence of social conditionings on «construction of vocation» and on shape of life patterns

IPv6 Network Mobility

Network Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting has been used since before the days of the Internet as we know it today. Authentication asks the question, “Who or what are you?” Authorization asks, “What are you allowed to do?” And fi nally, accounting wants to know, “What did you do?” These fundamental security building blocks are being used in expanded ways today. The fi rst part of this two-part series focused on the overall concepts of AAA, the elements involved in AAA communications, and highlevel approaches to achieving specifi c AAA goals. It was published in IPJ Volume 10, No. 1[0]. This second part of the series discusses the protocols involved, specifi c applications of AAA, and considerations for the future of AAA

Scalable QoS-aware Mobility for Future Mobile Operators

Telecom operators and Internet service providers are heading for a new shift in communications paradigms. The forthcoming convergence of cellular and wireless data networks is often manifested in an “all IP approach” in which all communications are based on an end-to-end IP protocol framework. The approach to network design becomes user and service-centered, so that continuous reachability of mobile users and sustained communication capabilities are default requirements for a prospective architecture. In this article, we describe a network architecture which is able to provide seamless communication mobility, triggered either by the user or by the network, across multiple technologies. The architecture allows for media independent handovers and supports optimized mobility and resource management functions. The main focus of the article is on major technical highlights of mobility and quality-of-service (QoS) management subsystems for converged networks.Publicad

Assessing water availability in Mediterranean regions affected by water conflicts through MODIS data time series analysis

Water scarcity is a widespread problem in arid and semi-arid regions such as the western Mediterranean coastal areas. The irregularity of the precipitation generates frequent droughts that exacerbate the conflicts among agriculture, water supply and water demands for ecosystems maintenance. Besides, global climate models predict that climate change will cause Mediterranean arid and semi-arid regions to shift towards lower rainfall scenarios that may exacerbate water conflicts. The purpose of this study is to find a feasible methodology to assess current and monitor future water demands in order to better allocate limited water resources. The interdependency between a vegetation index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST), precipitation (current and future), and surface water resources availability in two watersheds in southeastern Spain with serious difficulties in meeting water demands was investigated. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI and LST products (as proxy of drought), precipitation maps (generated from climate station records) and reservoir storage gauging information were used to compute times series anomalies from 2001 to 2014 and generate regression images and spatial regression models. The temporal relationship between reservoir storage and time series of satellite images allowed the detection of different and contrasting water management practices in the two watersheds. In addition, a comparison of current precipitation rates and future precipitation conditions obtained from global climate models suggests high precipitation reductions, especially in areas that have the potential to contribute significantly to groundwater storage and surface runoff, and are thus critical to reservoir storage. Finally, spatial regression models minimized spatial autocorrelation effects, and their results suggested the great potential of our methodology combining NDVI and LST time series to predict future scenarios of water scarcity.Published versio

Divorce risk factors and their variation over time in Spain

The aim of this article is to analyse the determinants of marriage dissolution in Spain and their variation over time for women married between 1949 and 2006. Data are drawn from the Survey of Fertility, Family and Values of 2006. The article analyses the transition from first marriage to marital dissolution for couples who married in two eras: one prior to the Divorce Law of 1981, during which social and legal barriers to dissolution were many, and one in the period after the law was introduced, during which barriers to marriage dissolution were far fewer. Analyses are conducted using a continuous time event history model. The results indicate some similarities between Spain and other countries, such as the positive relationship between the typical features of unconventional families and marital dissolution, but also some specific differences, such as an increase in the importance of premarital pregnancy and/or not having children. It is also important to stress the declining importance of socio-economic variables, such as education and the labour market situation of women

La flexibilidad laboral: significados y consecuencias

The objectives of the paper are 1) to analyse the effects of labour flexibility on individuals from a lifecourse perspective and 2) to know whether flexibility has undermined or reinforced the effects of social classes, education and gender on several aspects concerning the life-course, above all those related to employment in Spain. The peculiarity of the Spanish case lies in the proportion of fixed-term contracts. The greatest difference between these contracts and permanent contracts is not the job to be done, or even its temporary or permanent nature, but rather the lower layoff cost. The way that the Welfare State has introduced flexibilisation has achieved a balance of risks between the generations, so that there cannot be said to be clear winners or losers. The data indicate that the effects of flexibilisation on the main changes in the labour market and in demography are much more modest than what the hypotheses predict. Similarly, flexibilisation has not evened out the risks among the different social classes and educational levels, although it has not provoked an increase in inequality, either.Los objetivos del articulo son 1) analizar las consecuencias de la flexibilidad laboral en el curso vital de los individuos, 2) asi como saber si la flexibilidad ha socavado o reforzado la importancia de las clases sociales, de la educacion y del genero en distintos aspectos concernientes al curso vital, sobre todo relacionados con el empleo en Espana. La peculiaridad espanola con respecto a la flexibilidad radica en la alta proporcion de contratos temporales. La mayor diferencia entre estos contratos y los indefinidos es su menor coste de despido. La manera en la que el Estado del Bienestar ha introducido la flexibilidad ha logrado un equilibrio de riesgos entre generaciones, por lo que no puede decirse que haya unos claros ganadores o perdedores. Los datos indican que los efectos de la flexibilizacion sobre el curso vital de los individuos son mucho mas modestos de lo que las hipotesis preven. Asimismo, la flexibilización no ha mermado la importancia de las clases sociales ni de los niveles de estudio para explicar la posición de los individuos en el mercado laboral, aunque tampoco hay una clara evidencia de que las brechas entre los individuos de distintas clases ocupaciones o con distintos niveles de estudio hayan aumentado en Espana

The drag effect of air bubbles on triple junction migration of pure ice

The migration of a grain triple junction was studied on ice pure samples with bubbles at -2°C for almost 3 h. This work studies the interaction between Grain Boundary (GB) and bubbles. The evolution of the triple junction was recorded from successive photographs obtained from a LEICA® optical microscope. Simultaneously, numerical simulations of grain triple junction with mobile bubbles were carried out using Monte Carlo method with the following conditions: The bubbles in the bulk were kept immobile and those in the GB were allowed to move. In addition, mobile bubbles were forced to stay inside the GB. The simulations show that bubbles slow down the movement of the GB and of the triple junction. What’s more, the simulated triple junction obtained fits very well the experimental triple junction geometry, and the GB diffusivity values obtained coincide with those measured experimentally at the same temperature and reported by other authors. Finally, the drag effect of the mobile bubbles on the GB migration was verified.