Un incunabulo per lo sposalizio di Isabella d’Aragona: le ‘Nuptiae illustrissimi ducis Mediolani’ di Stefano Dolcino (1489)

In the second part of the 15th century, the introduction of the printing press in Italy offered to lords and princes a new way to show their own power and divulge the splendour of the feasts for their dynastic events. In February 1489, Isabella of Aragon, niece of the King of Naples, entered into Milan and married the duke, Gian Galeazzo Sforza. Few months later, the printer Antonio Zarotto published a Latin description of the event: the Nuptiae illustrissimi ducis Mediolani by Stefano Dolcino. This paper aims at considering the history of this incunable, in order to find information about feasts and spectacles for celebrating marriages in the Sforza family. At the same time, the possibility of a propagandistic use of ceremonies and print in the occasion of a princely wedding will be investigated

«In questo picolo libretto»

In the second half of the XVth century, before the diplomatic balances that led to the birth of the regional states, the Italian rulers, in need of strategies to promote their public image, made their nuptials a powerful communication tool. Ceremonies, pageants and temporary architectures in honour of the newlyweds had the task of making explicit the alliances between the reigning houses of different principalities, visually expressing the power of the lords over their capitals. This book’s aim is to understand how the festivities, orchestrated with court artists, became a means of celebratory propaganda and how the diffusion of their descriptions, in incunabula or manuscripts, heightened the fame of the events. The wedding feasts have been studied comparatively: comparing the variety of their theatrical performances, jousts and dances, as well as the ways of the production of the chronicles that handed down their memory, used here as sources for the history of the Renaissance spectacle

The AXIOM software layers

AXIOM project aims at developing a heterogeneous computing board (SMP-FPGA).The Software Layers developed at the AXIOM project are explained.OmpSs provides an easy way to execute heterogeneous codes in multiple cores. People and objects will soon share the same digital network for information exchange in a world named as the age of the cyber-physical systems. The general expectation is that people and systems will interact in real-time. This poses pressure onto systems design to support increasing demands on computational power, while keeping a low power envelop. Additionally, modular scaling and easy programmability are also important to ensure these systems to become widespread. The whole set of expectations impose scientific and technological challenges that need to be properly addressed.The AXIOM project (Agile, eXtensible, fast I/O Module) will research new hardware/software architectures for cyber-physical systems to meet such expectations. The technical approach aims at solving fundamental problems to enable easy programmability of heterogeneous multi-core multi-board systems. AXIOM proposes the use of the task-based OmpSs programming model, leveraging low-level communication interfaces provided by the hardware. Modular scalability will be possible thanks to a fast interconnect embedded into each module. To this aim, an innovative ARM and FPGA-based board will be designed, with enhanced capabilities for interfacing with the physical world. Its effectiveness will be demonstrated with key scenarios such as Smart Video-Surveillance and Smart Living/Home (domotics).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

\uabIn questo picolo libretto\ubb

Nel Secondo Quattrocento, prima del definirsi degli equilibri diplomatici che portarono alla nascita degli stati regionali, i signori italiani, bisognosi di strategie di promozione della propria immagine pubblica, fecero dei matrimoni un potente strumento di comunicazione. Le cerimonie e gli apparati decorativi in onore degli sposi ebbero, infatti, il compito di rendere esplicite le alleanze tra i principati e di esprimere visivamente il potere dei governanti sulle proprie capitali. L’obiettivo di questo libro \ue8 stato comprendere come i festeggiamenti, ideati dagli artisti di corte, potessero divenire un mezzo di propaganda celebrativa e come la diffusione delle loro descrizioni, a stampa o manoscritte, potesse amplificare la fama degli eventi. Le feste sono state pertanto studiate comparativamente, paragonando la variet\ue0 di recite teatrali, giostre e danze che le caratterizzarono e i modi di produzione delle loro cronache, qui impiegate come fonti per la storia dello spettacolo

\uabIn questo picolo libretto\ubb : Descrizioni di feste e spettacoli per le nozze dei signori italiani del Rinascimento

In the second half of the XVth century, before the diplomatic balances that led to the birth of the regional states, the Italian rulers, in need of strategies to promote their public image, made their nuptials a powerful communication tool. Ceremonies, pageants and temporary architectures in honour of the newlyweds had the task of making explicit the alliances between the reigning houses of different principalities, visually expressing the power of the lords over their capitals. This book’s aim is to understand how the festivities, orchestrated with court artists, became a means of celebratory propaganda and how the diffusion of their descriptions, in incunabula or manuscripts, heightened the fame of the events. The wedding feasts have been studied comparatively: comparing the variety of their theatrical performances, jousts and dances, as well as the ways of the production of the chronicles that handed down their memory, used here as sources for the history of the Renaissance spectacle. Nel Secondo Quattrocento, prima del definirsi degli equilibri diplomatici che portarono alla nascita degli stati regionali, i signori italiani, bisognosi di strategie di promozione della propria immagine pubblica, fecero dei matrimoni un potente strumento di comunicazione. Le cerimonie e gli apparati decorativi in onore degli sposi ebbero, infatti, il compito di rendere esplicite le alleanze tra i principati e di esprimere visivamente il potere dei governanti sulle proprie capitali. L’obiettivo di questo libro \ue8 stato comprendere come i festeggiamenti, ideati dagli artisti di corte, potessero divenire un mezzo di propaganda celebrativa e come la diffusione delle loro descrizioni, a stampa o manoscritte, potesse amplificare la fama degli eventi. Le feste sono state pertanto studiate comparativamente, paragonando la variet\ue0 di recite teatrali, giostre e danze che le caratterizzarono e i modi di produzione delle loro cronache, qui impiegate come fonti per la storia dello spettacolo