Sediment transport to the deep canyons and open-slope of the western Gulf of Lions during the 2006 intense cascading and open-sea convection period

An array of mooring lines deployed between 300 and 1900 m depth along the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons and in the adjacent southern open slope was used to study the water and sediment transport on the western Gulf of Lions margin during the 2006 intense cascading period. Deep-reaching cascading pulses occurred in early January, in late January and from early March to mid-April. Dense water and sediment transport to the deep environments occurred not only through submarine canyons, but also along the southern open slope. During the deep cascading pulses, temporary upper and mid-canyon and open slope deposits were an important source of sediment to the deep margin. Significant sediment transport events at the canyon head only occurred in early January because of higher sediment availability on the shelf after the stratified and calm season, and in late February because of the interaction of dense shelf water cascading with a strong E-SE storm. During the January deep cascading pulses, increases in suspended sediment concentration within the canyon were greater and earlier at 1000 m depth than at 300 m depth, whereas during the March-April deep cascading pulses sediment concentration only increased below 300 m depth, indicating resuspension and redistribution of sediments previously deposited at upper and mid-canyon depths. Deeper than 1000 m depth, net fluxes show that most of the suspended sediment left the canyon and flowed along the southern open slope towards the Catalan margin, whereas a small part flowed down-canyon and was exported basinward. Additionally, on the mid- and lower-continental slope there was an increase in the near-bottom currents induced by deep open-sea convection processes and the propagation of eddies. This, combined with the arrival of deep cascading pulses, also generated moderate suspended sediment transport events in the deeper slope regions

Biogeoquímica dels fluxos de partícules en canyons submarins de la Mediterrània nord-occidental: els efectes de les cascades d'aigües denses de plataforma

[cat] L‘estudi dels fluxos de partícules té per objectiu quantificar el carboni que s‘exporta cap a l‘oceà profund, el qual controla el segrest de CO2 atmosfèric a llarg termini. Els marges continentals juguen un paper important en aquest cicle oceànic, ja que són una bomba de carboni i nutrients entre l‘ecosistema terrestre i l'interior de l'oceà. En aquest treball s‘ha investigat la transferència de material al llarg del marge continental del golf de Lleó. Aquest mar-ge, situat al nord-oest de la Mediterrània occidental, està format per una ampla plataforma que s‘estén fins a un talús solcat per un gran nombre de canyons submarins. La major part dels sediments que entren al golf de Lleó provinents dels rius o resuspesos de la plataforma, circulen cap al sud-oest empesos per la circulació ciclònica de la massa d‘aigua i són deflectits majoritàriament a través dels canyons submarins més occidentals (canyons de Cap de Creus i Lacaze-Duthiers) cap a l‘interior de la conca. Aquest procés té lloc sobretot durant les tempestes marines d‘hivern i durant els esdeveniments de cascades submarines. L‘objectiu d‘aquest treball és estudiar la variabilitat temporal i espacial dels fluxos de partícules així com l‘origen i el grau de degradació de la matèria orgànica dins els canyons de Lacaze-Duthiers i Cap de Creus i al talús de la zona més meridional del golf de Lleó. La mesura directa dels fluxos ha estat possible gràcies al fondeig de línies instrumentades dotades amb trampes de sediments i correntímetres al llarg de tres transsectes. Les dades obtingudes indiquen que hi ha una ràpida resposta del sistema als forçaments físics. Així, es detecta una forta relació entre els condicionants atmosfèrics (que desencadenen la cascada d‘aigua densa, les onades i les aportacions fluvials i atmosfèriques), la producció primària, i la quantitat i qualitat del material que sedimenta al llarg del marge continental. La cascada d‘aigua densa de plataforma continental (DSWC) enregistrada durant els mesos de gener, febrer i març de 2006, esdevé el principal factor que controla la sedimentació de partícules a la zona estudiada. Les aigües de la cascada que s‘enfonsen canyó avall, escapen de la constricció que suposa el canyó a la zona baixa, continuen el seu camí paral•leles a les isòbates, i afecten el talús superior. Aquest fet denota la capacitat de la cascada per conduir el material erosionat de la plataforma continental cap als canyons i dispersar-lo cap al talús sud. Per tant, la DSWC pot esdevenir un factor important en la sedimentació en els canyons, el talús i el fons de la conca de la Mediterrània nord-occidental. Independentment dels esdeveniments de DSWC, les parts altes dels canyons estan afectades per un continu intercanvi de material amb la plataforma. Per contra, la zona d‘oceà obert (les zones baixes dels canyons i el talús) rep l‘arribada de material de la plataforma només com a conseqüència directa de la DSWC, mentre que durant la resta de l‘any hi imperen condicions de calma amb el predomini de fluxos pelàgics. La DSWC va ser el principal factor que controlà l‘arriba de matèria orgànica tant marina com terrestre al sistema, amb la transferència de grans quantitats de matèria orgànica d‘orígen terrestre durant el gener de 2006 (provinent de dipòsits de la plataforma), i matèria orgànica d‘orígen marí durant març i abril de 2006 (provinent del bloom fitoplanctònic). Per tant, la dispersió del material orgànic marí i terrestre va ser controlat per les condicions energètiques que afavoriren la resuspensió i el transport mar endins del material de la plataforma. La matèria orgànica es degradà no només durant el seu transport al llarg dels canyons, sinó també a través de la columna d'aigua, abans d'arribar a la zona de convergència dels canyons i al talús obert. Tot i que les aportacions laterals de matèria orgànica de la plataforma adjacent predominaren durant els esdeveniments de DSWC, les aportacions provinents d‘esdeveniments esporàdics de producció primària i la constant advecció de material marí varen ser evidents durant períodes de condicions energètiques i fluxos baixos.[eng] Particle flux studies aim at quantifying the amount of carbon and other components that are exported into deep ocean, which controls the long term atmospheric CO2 sequestration. Continental margins play an important role in this oceanic cycle as they pump carbon and nutrients from aerial ecosystems to the interior of the ocean. This work analyzes the transference of material along the continental margin of the Gulf of Lion. This margin, located in the northwestern Mediterranean, is a broad platform that extends to a slope cut by a large number of submarine canyons. Most of the sediments entering the system by rivers or resuspension in the shelf travel to the southwest due to the cyclonic circulation where are deflected mainly through the Cap de Creus and Lacaze-Duthiers submarine canyons to the deep basin. This process occurs mainly during winter sea storms and dense shelf water cascading events. The pourpose of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial variability of particle fluxes and the source and degree of degradation of the organic matter within the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus submarine canyons and the southern slope, in the Gulf of Lion. Direct flux measurements has been carried out by the deployment of 9 in-strumented lines equipped with sediment traps and currentmeters along three transects along the axis of the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons and the southern slope. Data indicate that there is a quick response of the system to physical forcings, with a close relation among atmospheric drivers (that trigger the dense water cascade, waving and river and atmospheric inputs), primary production, and the quantity and quality of settling material across the continental margin. The severe dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) event observed during January-March 2006 was the main factor controlling the sedimentation in the studied area. The dense waters escaped the lower canyon where it widens to flow along the isobaths and impacted the southern open slope. This denotes the capacity of such events to funnel and spread southwardly shelf eroded material through canyons. Therefore DSWC may become an important factor for the sedimentation in the middle and lower slope of the northwestern Mediterranean. Upper and middle canyon was primarily affected by continuous cross-slope exchanges with the shelf. The deeper ones were less affected by horizontal transferences and shelf material arrived only associated to the DSWC event, whereas outside the DSWC period pelagic fluxes become a significant part of the total mass flux. The severe DSWC event controlled also the arrival of organic matter to the sea floor, with the transfer of large quantities of land derived organic matter in January 2006 (from shelf deposits), and marine derived organic matter in March-April 2006 (from the concomitant spring bloom). Therefore, the timing of the dispersion of both terrigenous and marine derived organic material was controlled by the energetic conditions that enhance the resuspension and offshore transport of material in the shelf. In addition, this organic matter was degraded not only during its transport along the canyons but also in the water column before reaching the canyon mouth and open slope, as indicated by trends in amino acid and chloropigment concentrations and compositions. Furthermore, although lateral input of organic matter from the adjacent shelf predominated during DSWC events, sporadic primary production events and constant advection of land derived material were also evident during low energy and low flux periods

Biogeoquímica dels fluxos de partícules en canyons submarins de la Mediterrània nord-occidental: Els efectes de les cascades d'aigües denses de plataforma

L‘estudi dels fluxos de partícules té per objectiu quantificar el carboni que s‘exporta cap a l‘oceà profund, el qual controla el segrest de CO2 atmosfèric a llarg termini. Els marges continentals juguen un paper important en aquest cicle oceànic, ja que són una bomba de carboni i nutrients entre l‘ecosistema terrestre i l'interior de l'oceà. En aquest treball s‘ha investigat la transferència de material al llarg del marge continental del golf de Lleó. Aquest mar-ge, situat al nord-oest de la Mediterrània occidental, està format per una ampla plataforma que s‘estén fins a un talús solcat per un gran nombre de canyons submarins. La major part dels sediments que entren al golf de Lleó provinents dels rius o resuspesos de la plataforma, circulen cap al sud-oest empesos per la circulació ciclònica de la massa d‘aigua i són deflectits majoritàriament a través dels canyons submarins més occidentals (canyons de Cap de Creus i Lacaze-Duthiers) cap a l‘interior de la conca. Aquest procés té lloc sobretot durant les tempestes marines d‘hivern i durant els esdeveniments de cascades submarines. L‘objectiu d‘aquest treball és estudiar la variabilitat temporal i espacial dels fluxos de partícules així com l‘origen i el grau de degradació de la matèria orgànica dins els canyons de Lacaze-Duthiers i Cap de Creus i al talús de la zona més meridional del golf de Lleó. La mesura directa dels fluxos ha estat possible gràcies al fondeig de línies instrumentades dotades amb trampes de sediments i correntímetres al llarg de tres transsectes. Les dades obtingudes indiquen que hi ha una ràpida resposta del sistema als forçaments físics. Així, es detecta una forta relació entre els condicionants atmosfèrics (que desencadenen la cascada d‘aigua densa, les onades i les aportacions fluvials i atmosfèriques), la producció primària, i la quantitat i qualitat del material que sedimenta al llarg del marge continental. La cascada d‘aigua densa de plataforma continental (DSWC) enregistrada durant els mesos de gener, febrer i març de 2006, esdevé el principal factor que controla la sedimentació de partícules a la zona estudiada. Les aigües de la cascada que s‘enfonsen canyó avall, escapen de la constricció que suposa el canyó a la zona baixa, continuen el seu camí paral•leles a les isòbates, i afecten el talús superior. Aquest fet denota la capacitat de la cascada per conduir el material erosionat de la plataforma continental cap als canyons i dispersar-lo cap al talús sud. Per tant, la DSWC pot esdevenir un factor important en la sedimentació en els canyons, el talús i el fons de la conca de la Mediterrània nord-occidental. Independentment dels esdeveniments de DSWC, les parts altes dels canyons estan afectades per un continu intercanvi de material amb la plataforma. Per contra, la zona d‘oceà obert (les zones baixes dels canyons i el talús) rep l‘arribada de material de la plataforma només com a conseqüència directa de la DSWC, mentre que durant la resta de l‘any hi imperen condicions de calma amb el predomini de fluxos pelàgics. La DSWC va ser el principal factor que controlà l‘arriba de matèria orgànica tant marina com terrestre al sistema, amb la transferència de grans quantitats de matèria orgànica d‘orígen terrestre durant el gener de 2006 (provinent de dipòsits de la plataforma), i matèria orgànica d‘orígen marí durant març i abril de 2006 (provinent del bloom fitoplanctònic). Per tant, la dispersió del material orgànic marí i terrestre va ser controlat per les condicions energètiques que afavoriren la resuspensió i el transport mar endins del material de la plataforma. La matèria orgànica es degradà no només durant el seu transport al llarg dels canyons, sinó també a través de la columna d'aigua, abans d'arribar a la zona de convergència dels canyons i al talús obert. Tot i que les aportacions laterals de matèria orgànica de la plataforma adjacent predominaren durant els esdeveniments de DSWC, les aportacions provinents d‘esdeveniments esporàdics de producció primària i la constant advecció de material marí varen ser evidents durant períodes de condicions energètiques i fluxos baixos.Particle flux studies aim at quantifying the amount of carbon and other components that are exported into deep ocean, which controls the long term atmospheric CO2 sequestration. Continental margins play an important role in this oceanic cycle as they pump carbon and nutrients from aerial ecosystems to the interior of the ocean. This work analyzes the transference of material along the continental margin of the Gulf of Lion. This margin, located in the northwestern Mediterranean, is a broad platform that extends to a slope cut by a large number of submarine canyons. Most of the sediments entering the system by rivers or resuspension in the shelf travel to the southwest due to the cyclonic circulation where are deflected mainly through the Cap de Creus and Lacaze-Duthiers submarine canyons to the deep basin. This process occurs mainly during winter sea storms and dense shelf water cascading events. The pourpose of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial variability of particle fluxes and the source and degree of degradation of the organic matter within the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus submarine canyons and the southern slope, in the Gulf of Lion. Direct flux measurements has been carried out by the deployment of 9 in-strumented lines equipped with sediment traps and currentmeters along three transects along the axis of the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons and the southern slope. Data indicate that there is a quick response of the system to physical forcings, with a close relation among atmospheric drivers (that trigger the dense water cascade, waving and river and atmospheric inputs), primary production, and the quantity and quality of settling material across the continental margin. The severe dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) event observed during January-March 2006 was the main factor controlling the sedimentation in the studied area. The dense waters escaped the lower canyon where it widens to flow along the isobaths and impacted the southern open slope. This denotes the capacity of such events to funnel and spread southwardly shelf eroded material through canyons. Therefore DSWC may become an important factor for the sedimentation in the middle and lower slope of the northwestern Mediterranean. Upper and middle canyon was primarily affected by continuous cross-slope exchanges with the shelf. The deeper ones were less affected by horizontal transferences and shelf material arrived only associated to the DSWC event, whereas outside the DSWC period pelagic fluxes become a significant part of the total mass flux. The severe DSWC event controlled also the arrival of organic matter to the sea floor, with the transfer of large quantities of land derived organic matter in January 2006 (from shelf deposits), and marine derived organic matter in March-April 2006 (from the concomitant spring bloom). Therefore, the timing of the dispersion of both terrigenous and marine derived organic material was controlled by the energetic conditions that enhance the resuspension and offshore transport of material in the shelf. In addition, this organic matter was degraded not only during its transport along the canyons but also in the water column before reaching the canyon mouth and open slope, as indicated by trends in amino acid and chloropigment concentrations and compositions. Furthermore, although lateral input of organic matter from the adjacent shelf predominated during DSWC events, sporadic primary production events and constant advection of land derived material were also evident during low energy and low flux periods

Flux and composition of settling particles across the continental margin of the Gulf of Lion: the role of dense shelf water cascading

Settling particles were collected using sediment traps deployed along three transects in the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons and the adjacent southern open slope from October 2005 to October 2006. The settling material was analyzed to obtain total mass fluxes and main constituent contents (organic matter, opal, calcium carbonate, and siliciclastics). Cascades of dense shelf water from the continental shelf edge to the lower continental slope occurred from January to March 2006. They were traced through strong negative near-bottom temperature anomalies and increased current speeds, and generated two intense pulses of mass fluxes in January and March 2006. This oceanographic phenomenon appeared as the major physical forcing of settling particles at almost all stations, and caused both high seasonal variability in mass fluxes and important qualitative changes in settling material. Fluxes during the dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) event ranged from 90.1 g m(-2) d(-1) at the middle Cap de Creus canyon (1000 m) to 3.2 g m(-2) d(-1) at the canyon mouth (1900 m). Fractions of organic matter, opal and calcium carbonate components increased seaward, thus diminishing the siliciclastic fraction. Temporal variability of the major components was larger in the canyon mouth and open slope sites, due to the mixed impact of dense shelf water cascading processes and the pelagic biological production. Results indicate that the cascading event remobilized and homogenized large amounts of material down canyon and southwardly along the continental slope contributing to a better understanding of the off-shelf particle transport and the internal dynamics of DSWC events

A 500 kyr record of global sea level oscillations in the Gulf of Lion, Mediterranean Sea: new insights into MIS 3 sea level variability

Borehole PRGL1-4 drilled in the upper slope of the Gulf of Lion provides an exceptional record to investigate the impact of late Pleistocene orbitally-driven glacio-eustatic sea-level oscillations on the sedimentary outbuilding of a river fed continental margin. High-resolution grain-size and geochemical records supported by oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy allow reinterpreting the last 500 ka upper slope seismostratigraphy of the Gulf of Lion. Five main sequences, stacked during the sea-level lowering phases of the last five glacial-interglacial 100-kyr cycles, form the upper stratigraphic outbuilding of the continental margin. The high sensitivity of the grain-size record down the borehole to sea-level oscillations can be explained by the great width of the Gulf of Lion continental shelf. Sea level driven changes in accommodation space over the shelf cyclically modified the depositional mode of the entire margin. PRGL1-4 data also illustrate the imprint of sea-level oscillations at millennial time-scale, as shown for Marine Isotopic Stage 3, and provide unambiguous evidence of relative high sea-levels at the onset of each Dansgaard-Oeschger Greenland warm interstadial. The PRGL1-4 grain-size record represents the first evidence for a one-to-one coupling of millennial time-scale sea-level oscillations associated with each Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle