Integration of monoterpenoids with low pressure simulating vacuum for control of diapausing Indian meal moth larvae and red flour beetle adults

Monoterpenoids as well as low pressure simulating vacuum, when applied alone have been demonstrated to cause mortality of stored-product insect pests. The current report explored the possibility of integrating these two control methods in the management of stored-product insects. The insects used for this study were the adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and diapausing larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. The monoterpenoids investigated were E-anethole, estragole, S-carvone, linalool, L-fenchone, geraniol, γ-terpinene and DL-camphor. Exposure of the insects to all the monoterpenoids alone, with the exception of camphor, at a concentration of 66.7μL/1L of volume required more than 24 h to generate 100% mortality at 28.0 ± 0.8°C and 70 ± 2.5 r.h. However, exposure of the insects to camphor alone generated 100% mortality with 3 h exposure in T. castaneum. Exposure of the insects to low pressure at 36.5 mm Hg generated 100% mortlity in beetles with 24 h exposure and in the diapausing P. interpunctella larvae with 48 h exposure. However, combination of the monoterpenoids with low pressure reduced exposure periods (3-24 h) required to generate 100% mortality in both diapausing larvae of P. interpunctella and the adult beetles of T. castaneum. In all cases T. castaneum showed signs of weakness faster than diapausing P. interpunctella larvae. Keywords: Low pressure, DL-camphor, Estragole, γ-terpinene, Carvon

Analysis of monoterpenoids in inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin and study on ratio effect in these microcapsules.

In recent studies, the insecticide activity against some stored products pests of monoterpenoids, such as linalool, S-carvone, camphor, geraniol, γ-terpinene and fenchone, and phenylpropanoids, like E-anethole and estragole, has been proved. Currently, applications of these volatile compounds are complicated due to their chemical and physical properties. This is one of the major problems for their use as insecticides; therefore, microencapsulation could be the solution to problems of stability, evaporation and release. Microencapsulation of these chemicals was carried out with β-cyclodextrin using a chemical precipitation method at four different ratios (β-cyclodextrin: monoterpenoids), 1.33:1, 3.33:1, 4.66:1 and 6.66:1 (w/w) in order to determine the ratio effect. This study establishes that encapsulation at the ratio of 3.33:1 to linalool and γ-terpinene was higher, whereas S-carvone, camphor, E-anethole, geraniol, estragole and fenchone showed the greatest encapsulation when the ratio was 6.66:1. Furthermore, the efficiency of encapsulation was estimated by measuring the content of the compounds in the powder by gas chromatography. The maximum inclusion efficiency of β-cyclodextrin was reached by camphor (52%) followed by geraniol (34%) using 10 g of β-cyclodextrin and linalool (31%) using 5 g of this matrix. The present study indicates that natural products such as monoterpenoids or phenylpropanoids could be microencapsulated in an efficient way using an appropriate amount of β-cyclodextrin. Keywords: Microencapsulation, β-cyclodextrin, Camphor, Geraniol and Linaloo

La familia Euphorbiaceae como fuente de aceites vegetales para la industria tecnoquímica

The family Euphorbiaceae includes a huge number of species some of which provide important raw materials such as rubber, cassava, waxes and oils. In this study, the general botanical and chemical characteristics of this family are described firstly together with the chemical composition of their seed oils and a comparison with those of other families. Secondly, other chemical constituents of economic interest are reviewed and compared with the species already used for food, industry and medicine purposes. A further revision is included on some of its genus with potential interest and on current industrial oil crops such as Ridnus, Euphorbia, Aleurites, Sapium, Jatropha, etc. Finally, from an economic point of view, future prospects of some of these oils as raw materials for the chemical industry are given.La familia Euphorbiaceae contiene gran número de especies de las que se pueden obtener productos de interés económico como el caucho, la tapioca, ceras y aceites. En este trabajo se estudian en primer lugar las características botánicas y químicas de la familia y las peculiaridades de los aceites de sus semillas y se comparan con los de otras familias. En segundo lugar, se revisan otros compuestos químicos así como especies de interés económico utilizadas en alimentación, medicina o industria, incluyendo géneros con potencial interés y los actuales cultivos oleaginosos industriales como Ridnus, Euphorbia, Aleurites, Sapium, Jatropha, etc. Finalmente, desde un punto de vista de mercado, se apuntan las perspectivas de estos aceites como materias primas para la industria química

ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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From Computer Metaphor to Computational Modeling: The Evolution of Computationalism

In this paper, I argue that computationalism is a progressive research tradition. Its metaphysical assumptions are that nervous systems are computational, and that information processing is necessary for cognition to occur. First, the primary reasons why information processing should explain cognition are reviewed. Then I argue that early formulations of these reasons are outdated. However, by relying on the mechanistic account of physical computation, they can be recast in a compelling way. Next, I contrast two computational models of working memory to show how modeling has progressed over the years. The methodological assumptions of new modeling work are best understood in the mechanistic framework, which is evidenced by the way in which models are empirically validated. Moreover, the methodological and theoretical progress in computational neuroscience vindicates the new mechanistic approach to explanation, which, at the same time, justifies the best practices of computational modeling. Overall, computational modeling is deservedly successful in cognitive (neuro)science. Its successes are related to deep conceptual connections between cognition and computation. Computationalism is not only here to stay, it becomes stronger every year

Efectos del aceite esencial de inflorescencias de "Chrysanthemun coronarium" L. en mosca blanca y plagas de almacén

La destilación al vapor de inflorescencias de la compuesta Chrysanthemum coronarium L. da lugar a un aceite esencial azul desagradablemente oloroso. En una serie de ensayos de laboratorio se estudiaron sus efectos antiinsectos utilizando la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) y las plagas de almacén Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) y Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). La aplicación tópica a larvas, de plagas de almacén, produjo una alta mortalidad, siendo la DL50 a las 24 h de 0,045 myl / larva para T. castaneum. Además del efecto insecticida también se observó un rápido efecto de choque inmediato a la aplicación (DC50 = 0,029 myl / larva para T. castaneum). Los adultos de A. obtectus fueron más sensibles a los vapores del aceite esencial (1 myl / placa) que los de T. castaneum (5 myl / placa), si bien la mariposa E. kuehniella fue la más susceptible al efecto insecticida, disminuyendo su fecundidad al inhalar vapores del aceite esencial. Los efectos en mosca blanca no son claros, pero sugieren repelencia y toxicidad volátil al acondicionar previamente el material vegetal con el aceite esencial. Se discuten los efectos obtenidos en los experimentos y sus implicaciones para la utilización de este producto natural en el control de plagas