Road runoff over the shoulder diffuse infiltration:real-scale experimentation and optimization

A new concept of road runoff management, based on diffuse infiltration over the shoulder, was tested in a real-scale experimentation site located near Grandson, Switzerland. This new concept consists in diffusely infiltrating the road runoff in the infiltration slope adjoining the road shoulder; where road contaminants are retained. This presupposed that the road shoulder was as tightened as possible to effectively drive the road runoff to the slope, and that the infiltration slope effectively retains all road pollutants. Those two main postulates needed strong scientific verification. For this purpose, five different shoulder designs were tested in Grandson to assess which one presented the best hydraulic performance, i.e. which shoulder was the most impervious. Those designs were made of gravel mixed with humus (SGL), gravel mixed with clay (SGC), gravel seeded with lawn (SGL), a prolonged HMF road base (SH), and a bentonitic geotextile tightening (SB). Also, to verify the retention of pollutant, two infiltration slopes adjoining SGL (LW) and SH (LH) were set as lysimeter (basal geomembrane collecting road effluents); the third infiltration slope (LB) had a direct connection with the aquifer which was closely monitored (6 piezometers located up- and downstream from the road; influence of the road runoff was thus emphasized). Finally, to ensure that this new concept do not lower the road bearing capacity, deflectometers were placed in the road structure; 3 campaigns of leveling assessed the road settlement. Hydraulic assessment of the shoulders, based on 112 natural precipitation as well as 3 artificial watering tests, showed strong discrepancies between all shoulders behaviours. They had to deal with potentially high amount of water. Lag times ranged from a few minutes to several hours. Results showed that lag times were only function of the precipitation mean intensity. The infiltration process could be assessed by a modified Green & Ampt equation. The moisturizing front was frank and linearly progressed downward. Shoulders vertical hydraulic conductivities ranged from 4.6·10-6 (SGC) to 2.2·10-5 m·s-1 (SGL). The exfiltration volume is function of the water volume available at the shoulder surface. The drought preceding the rain event has no influence on the stock variation or the exfiltration volume. Road runoff used two different infiltration paths: the macroporosity drives the water efficiently and rapidly, while the microporosity is less efficient and retains the moisture longer. Tracer tests (Brine) proved that the contamination first flush passed over the shoulders. This is also confirmed by the flux calculation. Runoff coefficients CR ranged from 0.3 (SGL) to 0.9 (SB). This coefficient decreased rapidly once the shoulder is wet. Only SB really fulfilled its task, letting water through only in harsh hydraulic conditions (100 mm; 40mm/h). It is highly recommended for further road development: for new roads as well as old roads being refurbished. The shoulder SH proved to be inefficient for structural and material reasons. Other shoulders are comparatively ineffective. SGC must be enhanced; in that case it could offer a valuable alternative. The bearing capacity of the road was very good. The road lifetime was evaluated to more than 20 years (1·109 residual standard axle load). The Grandson experimental site could not conclusively demonstrate a worsening of the geotechnical behaviour of the road. This is due to the particularly good material and road pavement thickness used for this road. Infiltrations in shoulders are high enough and would have doubtless caused a loss of bearing capacity in case the road would have been more modestly dimensioned. It is therefore clear that the shoulder must be tightened. Geochemical results concerned six families of contaminant: MTE, PAH, Cx, BTEX, MTBE, and PCB. Batch and column tests allowed calculating MTE and PAH distribution coefficient Kd in the Grandson soils, as well as in other typical Swiss soils. Results showed that mobile elements are B, Br, Mo, Ba, Sb, Zn, and V (0 175). Comparisons with other typical soils enlightened the predominant influence of the pH. Batch test performed with acidic soils (pH = 5.5) confirmed lower MTE Kd. MTE are thus more mobile in acidic soils. Other physicochemical parameters have a smaller influence. The column test performed with a synthetically loaded solution (MTE and PAH) infiltrating the Grandson soils showed that MTE are more mobile in dynamic conditions. This is easily explained by the reduced contact time between the contaminant and the soil aggregates. PAH were not detected at the column outlet, thus showing a very good retention in the column soil. Soil layers analyses demonstrated that PAH were mostly retained in the surface layers. Also, MTE with low mobility show the same behaviour. Mobile elements showed no preferential retention layer. Concerning the infiltration slope, lag times were usually greater than those encountered for the shoulders. Lag time were function of the rain mean intensity. The influence of the preceding drought was significant. Exfiltration volumes EL were high in case of large event; it could be approximated by a simple equation function of the API and surface available water. Moisture redistribution processes occurred in the soils as long as there is a volumetric water content θ gradient. Fluxes strongly varied in magnitude and direction during a precipitation event: usually from about 1·10-8 to 1·10-5 m·s-1 and from up- to downward (evaporation to infiltration). The first flush effect was poor to medium. NaCl signal was highly buffered. The pH was also completely buffered by the soil high carbonate content. It thus shifted from 6.5 in the rainwater to 8 in the LW exfiltration water. To especially emphasize the geochemical behaviour, an artificial precipitation test was created to control every aspect of the rainfall. It was judged very representative of a natural storm. MTE and PAH contaminants had two different behaviours: mobile elements moved mainly in solute and have concentration correlated with EC. Elements with low mobility had higher concentrations correlated with the turbidity peaks. They were transported sorbed to particles. Comparison between the particular and solute form concentrations confirmed that mobile elements are measured in similar concentrations whether the sample was filtered at 0.45 µm, at 1 µm, or not filtered at all prior to acidification. On the contrary, less mobile elements are easily sorbed to particles. The MTE concentrations under sorbed form range from 5% (Rb, Sb) to 98% (Pb) of the total concentration. They had strong first flush effects. B, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, CU, Zn, Br, Mo, Cd, Sb, and Pb were identified as road tracers. Fe and Al represented 80% of the road runoff. Overall, the total MTE concentration in the lysimeter first water collected decreased to 1/30th of the road runoff first flush concentration. Mobile elements were less retained. The PAH total concentration in the lysimeter first collected water was about 1'000 times lower than in the road runoff first flush. The PAH concentration was mainly constituted by mobile PAH naphthalene and phenanthrene. Cx were well represented in the road runoff. However, only heavy species were commonly found. C32 was the most common specie. The triplet C16-C18-C20 was always present in high concentration in the lysimeter exfiltration water. This triple is a great road tracer. BTEX, while present in the road runoff, were not detected in the lysimeter exfiltration water. The alluvial aquifer was also monitored. It is confined between the Arnon (north) and a basement till which shallows up southward. Eastern and western limit are less known but might coincide with the river. The aquifer is clearly linked to the river. This is proved by the piezometric level, EC and T follow-up. EC and temperature also emphasized the higher activity in downstream piezometer. The road runoff infiltration could not be emphasized by the NaCl tracer test. The infiltrated water concentration was possibly buffered by the aquifer volume. Also, the brine was heavier than the aquifer water: it could have plunged to the bottom of the aquifer. All families of contaminant are presented in the aquifer. However, the provenance of those contaminants remains uncertain. The groundwater was indeed as concentrated upstream as downstream. Moreover, the river concentrations had similar, or even higher, values. The contamination provenance is thus either the aerial deposition (equally distributed up- and downstream), either the Arnon River infiltrating the aquifer. The contaminant behaviours in the aquifer could be described. It confirmed the contaminant mobility previously noted during the batch, column and test precipitation experiments. Mobile substances are seen in higher concentrations, whereas substances with low mobility are sparsely found. This project thus demonstrated that the new "over the shoulder diffuse infiltration" concept is clearly implementable. Aquifer concentrations were compared to Swiss legal concentration limits. Except for Cr, the aquifer water was of drinkable quality. This proved that the concept is robust, environmental-friendly and conclusive

Semi-automatic detection and localization of microseismicity induced by a "salt dissolution provoked" cavity collapse

Natural underground cavities, active or abandoned mine workings, particularly when they are shallow, can provoke large scale land subsidence and collapses attended by catastrophic social-economic impacts. The potential of passive microseismic monitoring to prevent such disasters was already indicated by several studies. Nonetheless, to further improve monitoring reliability a better understanding of associated seismicity is inevitable. In this context, within a large multi-parameter research project at Cerville-Buissoncourt in Lorraine, France, the growth of a single, shallow, about 150 m diameter salt cavity created by salt dissolution mining was surveyed from 2004 until 2009 when the cavity reached its critical size and a 'controlled' collapse was initiated. During the experiment, a large microseismic data set was recorded by a triggered, high resolution geophone monitoring system. Initial processing and data inspection reveal very unusual seismic signals mainly appearing in complex swarming sequences (Mercerat et al., 2010; Contrucci et al., 2011). To resolve spatio-temporal characteristics of associated seismicity we developed an semi-automatic seismic event detection and localization algorithm adressing these abnormal signal characteritics. The detector design is based on a spectral envelope function calculated for each seismogram. By this function, coherent signals are distinguished from signals comprising rather randomly distributed frequency proportions as noise or CODA waves. First application tests demonstrated highly improved event detection results when analysing seismic events of highly varying size and duration occurring in a swarming sequence. In addition, we localized the detected seismic events using inter-station amplitude ratios as introduced by Battaglia and Aki (2003) and Taisne et al. (2011). Within this approach, hypocenter source inversion relies on the decay of seismic wave amplitudes along the source-receiver path. As a result, no troublesome a priori phase segmentation is needed and the entire data set can be processed. To calibrate the local seismic attenuation law we used ~700 seismic events with known hypocenter locations found by previous studies (Klein et al., 2011). The final optimized localization algorithm sufficienty constrained the tendency of actual hypocenter source location in the cavity region. Taken all together, our detection and localization strategy provides an appropriate first order approximation to study spatio-temporal attributes of seismicity from huge data sets associated with seismic signals of unknown or complex signature as observed for Cerville-Buissoncourt

Apport de la mécanique des roches pour l'évaluation et la gestion des risques à long terme dans les exploitations minières abandonnées Cas des mines de fer de Lorraine

International audienceDue to its historical and economical evolution, we are now facing consequences of the end of mining in large sedimentary basins where it was the major regional activity during the last two Centuries. The contribution of Rock Mechanics in "after-mining" phases emerges nowadays, especially in the fields prediction and prevention of sudden collapses overlying partially mined areas. This paper present the example of closed iron mines in Lorraine (France) where different problems, at different scales have been identified : risk assessment, consequences for town-and-country planning and durable development.L'évolution historique et économique nous amène aujourd'hui à être confrontés aux conséquences de l'arrêt de l'exploitation de grands bassins miniers, qui a représenté l'activité dominante de certaines régions pendant un ou deux siècles. On commence à discerner ce que devra être aussi le rôle de la Mécanique des Roches pour la phase d'après-exploitation, notamment pour la prévision et la prévention des effondrements inopinés susceptibles de survenir lorsqu'ont été pratiquées des méthodes d'exploitation partielles. Le cas du bassin ferrifère lorrain, présenté dans cet article, illustre particulièrement bien les problèmes identifiés à différentes échelles : analyse et évaluation des risques, méthodes d'intervention avec les préoccupations d'un meilleur aménagement du territoire et d'un développement durable

Utilisation de réseaux neuromimétiques pour la localisation automatique d'événements microsismiques

International audienceEn 1992, l'Unite d'Exploitation de Provence des HBCM, en collaboration avec l'INERIS et le LDG, a mis en oeuvre un reseau de telesurveillance microsismique compose de 9 stations de type geophones

The BLLAST field experiment: Boundary-Layer late afternoon and sunset turbulence

Due to the major role of the sun in heating the earth's surface, the atmospheric planetary boundary layer over land is inherently marked by a diurnal cycle. The afternoon transition, the period of the day that connects the daytime dry convective boundary layer to the night-time stable boundary layer, still has a number of unanswered scientific questions. This phase of the diurnal cycle is challenging from both modelling and observational perspectives: it is transitory, most of the forcings are small or null and the turbulence regime changes from fully convective, close to homogeneous and isotropic, toward a more heterogeneous and intermittent state. These issues motivated the BLLAST (Boundary-Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence) field campaign that was conducted from 14 June to 8 July 2011 in southern France, in an area of complex and heterogeneous terrain. A wide range of instrumented platforms including full-size aircraft, remotely piloted aircraft systems, remote-sensing instruments, radiosoundings, tethered balloons, surface flux stations and various meteorological towers were deployed over different surface types. The boundary layer, from the earth's surface to the free troposphere, was probed during the entire day, with a focus and intense observation periods that were conducted from midday until sunset. The BLLAST field campaign also provided an opportunity to test innovative measurement systems, such as new miniaturized sensors, and a new technique for frequent radiosoundings of the low troposphere. Twelve fair weather days displaying various meteorological conditions were extensively documented during the field experiment. The boundary-layer growth varied from one day to another depending on many contributions including stability, advection, subsidence, the state of the previous day's residual layer, as well as local, meso- or synoptic scale conditions. Ground-based measurements combined with tethered-balloon and airborne observations captured the turbulence decay from the surface throughout the whole boundary layer and documented the evolution of the turbulence characteristic length scales during the transition period. Closely integrated with the field experiment, numerical studies are now underway with a complete hierarchy of models to support the data interpretation and improve the model representations.publishedVersio

Apport de la Surveillance Microsismique en Champ Proche pour la détection de Mécanismes et Signes Précurseurs aux Instabilités Gravitaires (Surveillance expérimentale d'une Cavité Saline en exploitation)

L'étude des signes précurseurs d'un effondrement brutal au-dessus de cavités souterraines, dont le recouvrement est caractérisé par la présence d'un banc massif et raide, est un problème majeur pour la sécurité publique. Aussi, pour progresser dans la compréhension et l'évolution des mécanismes mis en jeu, une cavité saline, située dans le NE de la France, a été suivie en temps réel, entre 2004 et 2009, jusqu'à son effondrement. Celle-ci a été exploitée par dissolution, jusqu'à atteindre une dimension critique (de l'ordre de 180 m) sous un recouvrement de 180 m, armé d'un banc raide de Dolomie situé à 120 m de profondeur.Un système de mesures multi-paramètres haute résolution visait à caractériser les signes précurseurs ainsi qu'à suivre l'effondrement lui-même. Il comprenait des dispositifs à la fois géotechniques et géophysiques, dont des mesures de nivellement de surface et un réseau permanent d'écoute microsismique. Ce dernier, dont les données font l'objet principal de cette thèse, était constitué de neuf sondes équipées de géophones 40 Hz (5 unidirectionnels et 4 tridirectionnels), réparties autour et à l'aplomb de la cavité, dont une dans le banc raide.L'évolution de la cavité a été marquée par deux épisodes majeurs d'activité microsismique :- au printemps 2008, la reprise de la dissolution dans la cavité a engendré l'apparition de crises répétées avec plusieurs milliers d'événements en quelques jours, traduisant un changement de régime microsismique, marqueur de l'instabilité de la cavité ;- en février 2009, suite à ces observations, l'exploitant a décidé de provoquer l'effondrement, par le rabattement intensif de saumure dans la cavité. Pendant les trois jours d'opération, plus de 30000 événements ont été enregistrés (sur 60000 depuis 2004).L'étude de la signature des événements apporte des renseignements essentiels pour la surveillance opérationnelle et la discrimination de ces deux périodes. En particulier, alors que les valeurs maximales atteintes en amplitude, énergie au capteur et fréquence fondamentale apparente, sont assez stables au cours des crises, les sauts marqués durant l'effondrement, permettent de présumer de son imminence. L'évolution de la distribution des microséismes en termes d'énergie libérée et d'occurrence, calculée de manière similaire à la loi de Gutenberg-Richter, bien que souvent difficile à interpréter, a pu être associée à des hausses du niveau piézométrique, ainsi qu'à de petites accélérations de l'affaissement mesuré en surface. Pendant la période d'effondrement, le nombre d'événements microsismiques augmente en suivant une loi en puissance.La localisation des microséismes a nécessité la mise en place d'une stratégie adaptée pour garantir la qualité et l'homogénéité des résultats (sélection des enregistrements, calibrage, étude paramétrique).Cependant, l'utilisation d'un modèle de vitesse constant sur toute la période s'est révélé impossible, compte tenu de l'évolution rapide et permanente du milieu. Il a donc été entrepris d'établir des modèles de vitesse différents en fonction des périodes d'évolution de la cavité.Les distributions spatio-temporelles des foyers ainsi localisés montrent l'existence de structures préférentielles de rupture et souligne le rôle majeur du banc raide.Croisées avec les autres mesures acquises sur le site, ces résultats ont permis d'établir un scénario probable d'évolution de la cavité et de proposer quelques recommandations pour la surveillance opérationnelleThe study of the precursory signs of a brutal collapse above underground caverns, with an overburden characterized by the presence of a massive and stiff bench, is a major problem for public safety. Thus, to progress in the comprehension and the evolution of the concerned mechanisms, a salt cavern, located in the NE France, was monitored in real-time, since 2004 to 2009, until its collapse. This cavern was mined by solution, until reaching its critical dimension (about 180 m) under a covering of 180 m thick, armed with a stiff Dolomite bench located at 120 m of depth.A multi-parameter high resolution monitoring system aimed at characterizing the precursory signs and following collapse itself. It included both geotechnical and geophysical devices as surface leveling measurements and a permanent microseismic network. This one, which data are the principal subject of this thesis, consisted in nine probes equipped with 40 Hz geophones (5 1D and 4 3D), distributed around and directly below the cavern, including one located in the stiff bench.The evolution of the cavern was marked by two major episodes of microseismic activity:- at the beginning of spring 2008, the dissolution restart in the cavern which caused repeated crisis with several thousand events in a few days, this represent a change in the microseismic regime and marked the cavern instability;- in February 2009, following these observations, the owner decided to trigger the collapse by intensive brine pumping in the cavern. During the three days of the operation, more than 30,000 events were recorded (against 60,000 since 2004).The study of the event signature provides essential information for operational monitoring and the discrimination of these two periods. Particularly, while maximal values reached in amplitude, energy and apparent fundamental frequency are quite stable during the 2008 episodes, the rises of this values are important during the collapse period (prior to the peak of activity), allowed us to suppose its imminence. The evolution of the microseism distribution in terms of energy released and occurrence, calculated similarly to the Gutenberg-Richter law, although often difficult to interpret, has been associated with piezometric level rises, and with small accelerations of surface subsidence. During the collapse, the microseismic activity acceleration follows a power law.Microseisms location required the establishment of an appropriate strategy to ensure the quality and the consistency of the results (record selection, calibration, parametric analysis). However, the use of a constant velocity model over all the period was impossible due to the fast and permanent evolution of the environment. Thus, several models were used, according to the a priori known cavern evolution.The event spatiotemporal distributions, thus located, revealed the existence of preferential failure structures and highlight the role of the stiff bench, located at 120 m depthNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF

A new energy and natural resources investigation method: Geneva case studies

The Praille-Acacias-Vernets suburb, located in Geneva, Switzerland, is today considered as an outworn city area (2.3 km(2)). It consists of parking lots, industries, businesses and marshalling yards. The Geneva Government decided to remodel this suburb to effectively allow for city growth while complying with the highest energy efficient and environmental standards in urban development. A masterplan was accepted in spring 2007. It did not take into account the various energy and natural resources of the area at that stage