Mortality and Conflict in the Developing World

To varying extents, the world one is born into does not provide equal opportunities. This study measures the extent to which survivability across the developing world is affected by factors outside of the health and lifestyle choices one can make: industry, foreign markets, conflict, and the demographics around them. These variables are tested for a balanced panel of 102 countries over 7 years, allowing country-specific factors to be controlled

Agency in the Alternatives: Common-Law Perspectives on Binding the Firm

This chapter in a forthcoming book examines the external aspects of agency law in the context of unincorporated firms, that is, the capacity of actors associated a firm to bind it to the legal consequences of interactions with third parties. The chapter focuses in particular on the impact of acts done by a representative for which the representative lacked actual authority. The chapter differentiates the terminology and concepts associated with partnership law from the common law of agency, in particular, a partner\u27s capacity to bind the firm albeit the partner lacks actual authority, which the chapter terms the partner\u27s positional power. Turning to LLCs, the chapter argues that basic agency issues are muddled, due in part to a historically explicable overhang of partnership concepts and terminology --- since obviated by changes in tax law --- and that the muddle most significantly (and surprisingly) affects LLCs organized under the Delaware LLC statute. The chapter demonstrates that such confusion is not inevitably and that, short of formal changes in statutory text, judicial decisions and an arguable consensus among expert lawyers may mitigate the confusion

Potret Keterlibatan Perempuan Dalam Pelayanan Publik di Era Otonomi Daerah.

Local bureaucracies has been marginally improved its performance in delivering public service, even though they have been granted with wider autonomy and bureacratic reform has been taking place. Women bureaucrats are not significantly improving the quality of public service as their attitude remain ambivalence, given the persitence of patriarchical culture in local bureaucracy. Kata-kata kunci: birokrasiperanan perempuanpelayanan publikotonomi daerah

The Common Core and the Future of Student Assessment in Ohio

Ohio committed itself to embracing higher standards that cross state lines when it joined 45 other states and the District of Columbia in adopting the Common Core standards in math and English language arts (ELA) in June 2010

The labor movement of salt miners in Wieliczka

The study analyzes various components of the labor movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in one of the oldest industrial centers in Poland. The formation and development of the miners\u27 movement are examined with relation to political parties, the labor market, and the mining community. The research also examines the growth of class consciousness with relation to the intellectual ideology of the socialist party and the miners\u27 community. Finally, the study investigates the miners\u27 demands such as wages, better working conditions, and retirement benefits with relation to the changing market. The labor movement is explained in terms of the economic, political, and social dimensions of the era, none of which can be understood in isolation from the others

Status Quota: The Representational Efficacy of Legislative Gender Quotas upon Public Policy

Legislative gender quota policies are political rules which are designed and implemented with the goal of increasing the representational presence and influence of women in government. Fundamentally, representation operates along two separate dimensions and can be considered as either descriptive or substantive. Descriptive representation is the numerical proportion of a group within a deliberative assembly while substantive representation concerns the ability of a group to shape influence policy outcomes in accordance with their preferences. Past research into legislative gender quotas has been prolific but has also been largely focused upon the tendency of quotas to shape the descriptive dimension of representation. This research considers representation comprehensively, and is intended to discern how quotas along both dimensions of representation. Substantive representation can be discerned through consideration of a wide number of policy issues that are considered women\u27s issues. For the purpose of this research, only the one policy outcome of infant mortality is considered, because of its strong theoretical connection to women as opposed to men due to the unique role of women as mothers and primary care givers. It is expected that as women gain descriptive representational power as a consequence of legislative gender quota policies that their substantive representational power should also be affected resulting in lower levels of infant mortality as a consequence of public policies that are produced. The results from this analysis indicate that the ordinal power of gender quotas is inversely associated with infant mortality, while higher thresholds for quotas are positively related to infant mortality

Unequal Democracies: Economic Sanctions\u27 Impact on Human Rights in Democratic Systems

In the past, research into the field of human rights has treated regime as a dichotomous variable and divided the type of governmental structure into either autocracies or democracies. By lumping all democracies into one category, all variation between different categories of governmental composition is discarded and it is difficult to examine the differences between types of democratic governments and their human rights capacities. Due to their tendency to accrete power centrally, presidential democracies are thought to repress the rights of citizens more often and severely than parliamentary systems. Further, an exogenous shock to the political system, such as the threat or the imposition of an economic sanction is expected to act as a catalyst for repression. Using three different datasets of indicators of physical integrity human rights from a global sample over the years of 1976-1990 for two datasets and 1981-1990 for another, democracies are indeed shown to differ in their propensity to violate human rights. The effect of economic sanctions is negligible and is only significant in one model

Compassion, Respect and Governance: How Legislative Gender Quotas Influence Physical Integrity Rights

This paper addresses the substantive political outcomes of legislative gender quotas and considers the influence of gender quota rules upon the governmental respect for physical integrity rights that are observed within states

Dietary Intake and Cognition and Emotional Health in Older Adults

The purpose of this review of literature was to explore the relationship between food and nutrient intake and cognition and emotional health in older adults. Nutrition is a key factor in successful aging, and a healthy diet is crucial to the psychological quality of life. Healthy lifestyles have been shown to help improve longevity and overall health in older adults. The prevalence of older adults in the United States, and the world, is growing rapidly, as is the prevalence of older adults showing signs of cognitive decline, dementia, or depression. Prevention practices help decrease the risk of developing diseases and have the most impact if they are implemented before individuals reach 65 years old. Mental and emotional health disorders, such as cognitive decline and depression, are not always preventable, which is why there is a need for more evidence- based research that can be implemented into practice to help manage certain health conditions. Several studies found that the increased consumption of fruit and vegetables was linked to a reduced risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, and other research found that B vitamins are especially important in reducing the risk for negative neurological situations. Although there is no research that can definitively prove that a specific dietary intake will prevent or help manage cognitive impairment, dementia, or depression, all of the studies in this review provided data that did support a significant relationship between food intake (fruits and vegetables) and cognitive and emotional health in older adults