106 research outputs found
Nutrition of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) - a Brazilian experience
Despite investment risk and price variations, among other difficulties, Brazilian farmers arestill investing in black pepper (Piper nigrum) cultivation due to relative price increment overthe years. Action has already been implemented, on improvement of cultivars and diagnosis,fertilization and irrigation, based on technical information for increasing the productivity ofthe crop. Adequate nutritional diagnosis, based on a proper sample method and regionalpatterns, will result in efficient input recommendation with a consequent improvement inproduction with higher sustainability. The DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation IntegratedSystem) has been extensively used in Brazil, which contributes to efficient nutrition diagnosisand fertilizer recommendation. The use of simple cultural procedures such as use of covercrops and organic fertilization, among others, has a great potential to control weeds, improvesoil quality and mineral nutrition in black pepper, contributing to sustainable production.This review includes information on research work being undertaken in Brazil, on blackpepper nutrition (nutrient extraction, foliar patterns, nutritional diagnosis and fertilizerrecommendations), including fertilization and diagnosis strategies for increasing theproductivity of the crop.
 
Faixa de suficiência foliar, primeira aproximação para solo e diagnose nutricional do cafeeiro conilon orgânico
The objective of this study was to establish the Sufficiency Range Approach of both the Foliar (SRAF) and the soil nutrient contents (SRAS) of Conilon coffee trees (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehn), cultivated organically in Espírito Santo - Brazil. The nutritional diagnosis using Diagnosis Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) 1and SRAF, was also compared. The nutrient contents of the leaves and soil were evaluated in 56 organic crops. To establish SRAF and SRAS, the foliar and the soil nutrient contents was used respectively, from 22 crops with high yield (equal or above 2,400 kg ha-1 coffee fruit processing). The comparison between DRIS and SRAF was performed through the ordination of the limiting nutrients and qui-square test. Results revealed that SRAF was of: N (g kg-1) 26.2-29.0, P (g kg-1) 1.51-1.75, K (g kg-1) 14.7-18.7, Ca (g kg-1) 12.4-14.6, Mg (g kg-1) 2.92-4.19- 6, S (g kg-1) 1.85-2.33, B (mg kg-1) 45.5-63.5, Cu (mg kg-1) 11.1-21.1, Fe (mg kg-1) 69.2-155.0, Mn (mg kg-1) 49.6-98.2 and Zn (mg kg- 1) 7.83-9.97. The SRAS was of: P (mg dm-3) 4.67-15.27, K (mg dm-3) 62.7-258.00, Ca (cmolc dm-3) 1.65-3.49, Mg (cmolc dm-3) 0.61- 0.99, S (mg dm-3) 6.94-27.2, B (mg dm-3) 0.43-0.61, Cu (mg dm-3) 0.15-0.43, Fe (mg dm-3) 31.05-100.20, Mn (mg dm-3) 8.78-56.60 and Zn (mg dm-3) 2.35-6.51. In several cases SRAF identified limitations in the organic Conilon coffee productivity that were not identified by DRIS. DRIS indicated limitation when the nutrient was inside of the SRAF. Manganese followed by P, Cu=Fe and N were the nutrients considered as deficient to the yield, when DRIS was used, on the other hand, when the SRAF was used Mn, Ca, Fe and N were considered deficient nutrients.Faltam valores de referência de folha e solo, e diagnóstico nutricional de lavouras de café Conilon orgânico, cultivadas no Espírito Santo, assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho propor faixa de suficiência foliar (FSF) e uma primeira aproximação de teores químicos no solo, para cafeeiro Conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehn) cultivado de forma orgânica no Espírito Santo Brasil e, bem como realizar e comparar diagnóstico nutricional utilizando o DRIS e FSF. Determinaram-se as concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e no solo de 56 lavouras orgânicas. Estabeleceu-se a FSF e a primeira aproximação utilizando concentrações foliares e do solo de 22 lavouras com alta produtividade (igual ou superior a 2.400kg ha-1 de café beneficiado). Para comparar o DRIS e FSF, os nutrientes limitantes foram quantificados e ordenados por meio do teste qui-quadrado. A FSF foi: em g kg-1 N 26,2- 29,0, P 1,51-1,75, K 14, 7-18,7, Ca 12,4-14,6, Mg 2,92-4,19-6 e S 1,85-2,33 e em mg kg-1 B 45,5-63,5, Cu 11,1-21,1, Fe 69,2-155,0, Mn 49,6-98,2 e Zn 7,83-9,97. A primeira aproximação foi: em mg dm-3 P 4,67-15,27, K 62,7-258,0, S 6,94-27,2, B 0,43-0,61, Cu 0,15- 0,43, Fe 31,05-100,2, Mn 8,78-56,60 e Zn 2,35-6,51 e, em cmolc dm-3 Ca 1,65-3,49 e Mg 0,61-0,99. Os resultados indicaram que a faixa crítica apontou limitação da produção em várias situações em que o DRIS não identificou. O DRIS indicou limitação quando o nutriente estava dentro da faixa crítica. O Mn seguido pelo P, Cu=Fe e N foram os nutrientes que se destacaram como limitantes da produção ao utilizar o DRIS. Ao considerar a faixa crítica o Mn, Ca, Fe e N foram considerados limitantes
Distribuição do sistema radicular de cafeeiro conilon irrigado e não irrigado
The objective of this work was to evaluate the distribution of the root system of irrigated and nonirrigated conilon coffee (Coffea canephora). Conilon plants of the clonal variety Emcapa 8111, genotype 02, with five years of age, were used. The design was completely randomized in split‑split plots with five replicates. The treatments consisted of: presence and absence of irrigation (plots), 13 distances from the stem (ten in the direction between rows and three of the planting row) and six soil layers (0–60 cm) in the split‑plots. Roots were collected, washed, scanned, and processed by the Safira software to quantify surface area, length, volume, and diameter. Nonirrigated conilon plants showed greater root surface area, length, and volume per soil volume, as well as less discrepant distribution of roots in the soil surface and in depth, in comparison to irrigated plants. The drip irrigation system promotes higher root distribution in irrigated plants, in the area covered by the wet‑bulb irrigation.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição do sistema radicular do cafeeiro conilon (Coffea canephora) irrigado e não irrigado. Utilizaram-se plantas de conilon da variedade clonal Emcapa 8111, genótipo 02, com cinco anos de idade. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcela subsubdividida, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de: presença e ausência de irrigação (parcelas), 13 distâncias do tronco (dez no sentido da entrelinha e três no sentido da linha de plantio) e seis camadas de solo (0–60 cm) nas subparcelas. As raízes foram coletadas, lavadas, digitalizadas e processadas pelo programa Safira, para quantificar área superficial, comprimento, volume e diâmetro. As plantas de conilon não irrigadas apresentaram maiores área superficial, comprimento e volume de raízes por volume de solo, bem como distribuição de raízes menos discrepante na superfície do solo e em profundidade, em comparação às plantas irrigadas. O sistema de irrigação por gotejamento promove maior distribuição de raízes nas plantas irrigadas, na zona compreendida pelo bulbo úmido da irrigação
Overexpression of water-responsive genes promoted by elevated CO2 reduces ROS and enhances drought tolerance in Coffea species
Drought is a major constraint to plant growth and productivity worldwide and will
aggravate as water availability becomes scarcer. Although elevated air [CO2] might mitigate some of
these effects in plants, the mechanisms underlying the involved responses are poorly understood
in woody economically important crops such as Coffea. This study analyzed transcriptome changes
in Coffea canephora cv. CL153 and C. arabica cv. Icatu exposed to moderate (MWD) or severe water
deficits (SWD) and grown under ambient (aCO2) or elevated (eCO2) air [CO2]. We found that
changes in expression levels and regulatory pathways were barely affected by MWD, while the SWD
condition led to a down-regulation of most differentially expressed genes (DEGs). eCO2 attenuated
the impacts of drought in the transcripts of both genotypes but mostly in Icatu, in agreement with
physiological and metabolic studies. A predominance of protective and reactive oxygen species
(ROS)-scavenging-related genes, directly or indirectly associated with ABA signaling pathways, was
found in Coffea responses, including genes involved in water deprivation and desiccation, such as
protein phosphatases in Icatu, and aspartic proteases and dehydrins in CL153, whose expression
was validated by qRT-PCR. The existence of a complex post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism
appears to occur in Coffea explaining some apparent discrepancies between transcriptomic, proteomic,
and physiological data in these genotypes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Agronomic performance and genetic divergence between genotypes of Manihot esculenta
The morphoagronomic characterization of 12 genotypes of M. esculenta was performed during the
2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop years. The 12 genotypes were planted in a randomized block design, with
four replicates per genotype. Number of tuberous roots per plant, weight of tuberous roots, root yield, total
plant weight, harvest index, plant height, height of first branch, number of shoots, stem diameter, number
of buds, leaf dry weight and petiole length were evaluated. Genotypes “Camuquem” and “Goiás” were the
most productive, and “Amarela” and “Gema de Ovo” were the most divergent. Seventy percent of genetic
diversity was due to petiole length (22.86%), root yield (19.20%), weight of tuberous roots (14.89%) and
number of buds (13.72%). Overall, the present results indicate a broad genetic basis for the evaluated
genotypes, so that such genetic variation benefits the plant breeding for future scenarios Further studies
of the evaluated genotypes should be performed under environmental limitations, using biochemical and
molecular tools to identify markers for genetic improvementinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Dinâmica de macronutrientes em folhas e cachos de pimenta-do-reino
The objective of this work was to determine the macronutrient dynamics in leaves and bunches of black pepper (Piper nigrum) throughout the plant reproductive cycles. The experiment was carried out in a commercial field of 'Bragantina' black pepper. Leaves and bunches were sampled every 21 days for one year, during two crop cycles. The bunches were sampled from the twenty eighth day after the appearance of inflorescences until the complete fruit maturation. Samples of leaves and bunches were dried, and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were determined. N, K, and Ca were the most common macronutrients found in the bunches and leaves of black pepper. The accumulation of dry matter in the bunches was similar for both cycles and it was adjusted to the linear and quadratic models. The accumulation and content of macronutrients followed the dry matter behavior trend. Macronutrient contents in leaves oscillate during the year, and K and Mg vary more than N, P, Ca, and S. The macronutrient contents in black pepper leaves and bunches depends on the plant vegetative stage, and this variation should be considered in the planning of the fertilization management.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a dinâmica de macronutrientes em folhas e cachos de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum), ao longo dos ciclos reprodutivos da planta. O experimento foi realizado em uma lavoura comercial de pimenta-do-reino 'Bragantina'. Folhas e cachos foram amostrados a cada 21 dias, por um ano, durante dois ciclos de cultivo. Os cachos foram amostrados desde o vigésimo oitavo dia após o lançamento das inflorescências até a maturação completa dos frutos. As amostras de folhas e cachos foram secas, e os conteúdos de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S foram determinados. N, K e Ca foram os macronutrientes mais comuns nos cachos e nas folhas de pimenta-do-reino. O acúmulo de matéria seca nos cachos de pimenta-do-reino foi similar nos dois ciclos e foi ajustado aos modelos linear e quadrático. O acúmulo e o conteúdo de macronutrientes seguiram a tendência de comportamento da matéria seca. O conteúdo de macronutrientes nas folhas oscila durante o ano, e K e Mg variam mais do que N, P, Ca e S. O conteúdo de macronutrientes em folhas e cachos de pimenta-do-reino depende do estádio vegetativo da planta, e essa variação deve ser considerada no planejamento do manejo de adubação
The modern coffee planting in the Brazilian savannah
The Brazilian coffee planting presents a great importance in the creation of job opportunities, resources, and exchange value, being very diversified, with local particularities. The Brazilian Savannah covers more than 200 million ha, distributed along the States of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Tocantins, Bahia, Piauí, Maranhão, and Distrito Federal, and has reached a yield of more than 5 million bags per year, mainly for Coffea arabica L. The coffee growing, in that region, stands out for presenting yield above the national average and for using, in a more efficient way, agricultural inputs, irrigation, improved varieties, and mechanization, among other practices. The irrigated coffee crop, in Brazil, covers 240,000 ha, most of these in the Brazilian Savannah, representing 10% of the total planted area and 25% of the total coffee yield. The most used irrigation systems are the sprinkler ones (conventional, net sprinkler, and center pivot) and the located ones (dripping and modified). Its climate favours coffee quality, as it allows harvesting under low air humidity conditions, since rainfall is concentrated in the summer. It is also observed, in the Brazilian Savannah areas, higher insolation rates, mainly in the autumn and winter months, favorable to yield and quality. The most planted varieties are the Catuaí and Mundo Novo ones, along with other promising drought and diseases resistant materials
Understanding the Impact of Drought in Coffea Genotypes: Transcriptomic Analysis Supports a Common High Resilience to Moderate Water Deficit but a Genotype Dependent Sensitivity to Severe Water Deficit
Water scarcity is the most significant factor limiting coffee production, although some
cultivars can still have important drought tolerance. This study analyzed leaf transcriptomes of
two coffee cultivars with contrasting physiological responses, Coffea canephora cv. CL153 and Coffea.
arabica cv. Icatu, subjected to moderate (MWD) or severe water deficits (SWD). We found that
MWD had a low impact compared with SWD, where 10% of all genes in Icatu and 17% in CL153
reacted to drought, being mainly down-regulated upon stress. Drought triggered a genotype-specific
response involving the up-regulation of reticuline oxidase genes in CL153 and heat shock proteins
in Icatu. Responsiveness to drought also included desiccation protectant genes, but primarily,
aspartic proteases, especially in CL153. A total of 83 Transcription Factors were found engaged in
response to drought, mainly up-regulated, especially under SWD. Together with the enrollment
of 49 phosphatases and 272 protein kinases, results suggest the involvement of ABA-signaling
processes in drought acclimation. The integration of these findings with complementing physiological
and biochemical studies reveals that both genotypes are more resilient to moderate drought than
previously thought and suggests the existence of post-transcriptional mechanisms modulating the
response to drought.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Biometric traits as a tool for the identification and breeding of coffea canephora genotypes
grants n. 84320893 grants n. 420789/2016-2 n. 304687/2017-0 E-26/202.323/2017 UID/04129/2020 UIDP/04035/2020Cross-pollination and gametophytic self-incompatibility reduce the stability of Coffea canephora genotypes. This is an important crop for Brazil, the largest producer of this type of coffee and also a major exporter. The study of biometric characteristics is essential to assist in the selection of promising plant materials. We examined the diversity of morpho-agronomic traits of genotypes of C. canephora cv. Conilon through the evaluation of branch and leaf parameters. Assessments included plagiotropic branch length, number of nodes in plagiotropic branches, distance between nodes in plagiotropic branches, orthotropic branch length, number of nodes in orthotropic branch, distance between nodes in orthotropic branch, plant height, canopy diameter, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area in two periods. The data from the 43 coffee genotypes were tested by multivariate and cluster analyses. Six groups were formed by the Tocher optimization method, and five groups by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) hierarchical method, suggesting an important genetic variability among plant materials. Both Tocher optimization and UPGMA hierarchical methods were consistent for clustering the genotypes, ordering them in six and five dissimilar groups, respectively, with genotypes 25 and 37 standing out with the greatest dissimilarity, constituting isolated groups by both methods. Pearson’s correlation ranged from very weak to very strong, positive and negative, among the characteristics, as also shown by principal component analyses. These analyses indicated the morpho-agronomic traits with a greater degree of correlation, assisting in the choice of promising plant materials. The genetic parameters estimates demonstrate genetic variability and thus breeding potential within the Conilon coffee genotypes studied. These results emphasize the usefulness of biometric evaluations as a tool for the identification and breeding of genotypes to compose new Conilon coffee cultivars.publishersversionpublishe
Crescimento vegetativo do cafeeiro Conilon fertirrigado com diferentes parcelamentos e doses de nitrogênio e potássio
O cultivo do café Conilon no Norte Capixaba tem sido feito predominantemente por meio de irrigação em razão das condições de distribuição irregular das chuvas. O manejo da irrigação e a adubação do cafeeiro estão diretamente ligados à produtividade e ao custo de produção, sendo que a fertirrigação surge como alternativa de aplicação de nutrientes via água de irrigação, aumentando a eficiência de aplicação. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento vegetativo do cafeeiro Conilon irrigado com diferentes parcelamentos e doses de nitrogênio e potássio, aplicados via fertirrigação. O trabalho foi conduzido em lavoura comercial de café Conilon (Coffea canephora), localizada no município de São Mateus, ES, com 24 meses de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. As parcelas corresponderam às doses de nitrogênio e potássio, sendo aplicado: 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, 140% e 160% da dose recomendada. As subparcelas corresponderam ao parcelamento das adubações, sendo: 3, 9, 15 e 21 vezes, para o ano safra. O crescimento vegetativo de ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos foi avaliado a cada 90 dias. O aumento do parcelamento proporcionou maior crescimento para os ramos ortotrópico e plagiotrópicos III, sendo que as doses não influenciaram no crescimento desses ramos do cafeeiro. O ramo plagiotrópico II apresentou máximo crescimento vegetativo na dose de 60%, parcelado em nove vezes, e 115%, para parcelamento em quinze vezes
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