Yttrandefrihetens villkor - En kritisk rättshistorisk studie av uppviglingsbrottet

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är dels att jämföra munkorgslagen i SL 10:14 med dagens uppviglingsbrott i BrB 16:5, och dels att erbjuda ett kritiskt perspektiv på rätten och rättens ursprung. Frågeställningarna är orienterade utifrån detta syfte, och är inriktade på såväl en materiell jämförelse som en analytisk. Den tillämpade teorin är Alan Norries, och fokuserar på rättens inneboende motsägelser som ett uttryck för en bristfällig liberal världssyn. Resultatet visar att munkorgslagen kom till och tillämpades mot bakgrund av den växande socialistiska rörelsen i Sverige. BrB 16:5 har en högre straffbarhetströskel och tillåter ett större mått av politiska yttranden jämfört med munkorgslagen, men samtidigt lämnas ett större utrymme åt domaren att avgöra lagrummets gränser. Den stora tillämpningsmöjligheterna hos BrB 16:5 kan ifrågasättas ur ett europarättsligt perspektiv. Likheterna mellan lagrummen tolkas som att dagens rättsordning innehåller samma motsägelser som rätten innehöll i början av 1900-talet. Samtidigt riskerar dagens lagstiftning att tolkas utifrån domarkårens rättskänsla, som är ett uttryck för överklassvärderingar.The purpose of this essay is firstly to compare the ”muzzle law” in SL 10:14 as it was written and applied in the early 20th century to the current day crime of sedition in BrB 16:5. Secondly, the purpose is to offer a critical perspective on law and the origins of law. The questions are designed with this purpose in mind, and are focused on a comparison of the material content as well as the analytical. The applied theory is Alan Norries’, and has its center of attraction in the intrinsic contradictions in law as an expression of a flawed liberal world view. The results of the essay shows that the muzzle law was conceived and applied in a context of fear of the growing socialist movement in Sweden. The modern BrB 16:5 has a higher threshold of applicability and is more allowing of political statements compared to the muzzle law, but also leaves a larger margin for the judiciary to decide the bounds of the statute. It can be questioned if the broad applicability of BrB 16:5 is in harmony with the ECHR. The similarities between the statutes leads to the interpretation that the current criminal justice system contains the same contradictions that was present in the early 20th century. At the same time, todays legislation is at risk of being interpreted in the light of the judiciarys sense of justice which in turn is an expression of upper class interests

Steam reforming of different biomass tar model compounds over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts

This work focuses on the removal of the tar derived from biomass gasification by catalytic steam reforming on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts. Different tar model compounds (phenol, toluene, methyl naphthalene, indene, anisole and furfural) were individually steam reformed (after dissolving each one in methanol), as well as a mixture of all of them, at 700 °C under a steam/carbon (S/C) ratio of 3 and 60 min on stream. The highest conversions and H2 potential were attained for anisole and furfural, while methyl naphthalene presented the lowest reactivity. Nevertheless, the higher reactivity of oxygenates compared to aromatic hydrocarbons promoted carbon deposition on the catalyst (in the 1.5–2.8 wt.% range). When the concentration of methanol is decreased in the feedstock and that of toluene or anisole is increased, the selectivity to CO is favoured in the gaseous products, thus increasing coke deposition on the catalyst and decreasing catalyst activity for the steam reforming reaction. Moreover, an increase in Ni loading in the catalyst from 5 to 20% enhances carbon conversion and H2 formation in the steam reforming of a mixture of all the model compounds studied, but these values decrease for a Ni content of 40%. Coke formation also increased by increasing Ni loading, attaining its maximum value for 40% Ni (6.5 wt.%)

Study of the activity of catalysts for the production of high quality biomass gasification gas : with emphasis on Ni-substituted Ba-hexaaluminates

The fossil hydrocarbons are not inexhaustible, and their use is not without impact in our need of energy, fuels and hydrocarbons as building blocks for organic materials. The quest for renewable, environmentally more friendly technologies are in need and woody biomass is a promising candidate, well provided in the boreal parts of the world. To convert the constituents of wood into valuable gaseous products, suitable for the end use required, we need a reliable gasification technology. But to become an industrial application on full scale there are still a few issues to take into account since the presence of contaminants in the process gas will pose several issues, both technical and operational, for instance by corrosion, fouling and catalyst deactivation. Furthermore the downstream applications may have very stringent needs for syngas cleanliness depending on its use. Therefore, the levels of contaminants must be decreased by gas cleanup to fulfil the requirements of the downstream applications. One of the most prominent problems in biomass gasification is the formation of tars – an organic byproduct in the degradation of larger hydrocarbons. So, tar degrading catalysts are needed in order to avoid tar related operational problems such as fouling but also reduced conversion efficiency. Deactivation of catalysts is generally inevitable, but the process may be slowed or even prevented. Catalysts are often very sensitive to poisonous compounds in the process gas, but also to the harsh conditions in the gasifier, risking problems as coke formation and attrition. Alongside with having to be resistant to any physical and chemical damage, the catalyst also needs to have high selectivity and conversion rate, which would result in a more or less tar-free gas. Commercial tar reforming catalysts of today often contain nickel as the active element, but also often display a moderate to rapid deactivation due to the causes mentioned

With logic as a means of control. : A study on activation policy changes in social policy.

The purpose of the study was to analyse legislative changes in the Social Services Act and thereby understand what institutional logic governs the change in social policy regarding the activation of unemployed recipients during the period 2012-2016. In order to meet the purpose of the study, two of the Social Services Act's legislative changes and their preliminary work has been analysed. The text analysis has been conducted with inspiration from Carol Bacchi's (2009) method "What is the problem represented to be?". The empirical material has been analysed with neo-institutional theoretical concepts, focusing on Friedland & Alfords (1991) theory regarding institutional logic and the knowledge claims that exists within them. The results of the study indicated that the institutional logics which governs the change in social policy regarding the activation of unemployed recipients is an institutional logic of activation policy. The institutional logic of activation policy implies clear government control in terms of the social services mission towards unemployed recipients; that only the unemployed recipients who are active in the labour market and take active responsibility for their situation are entitled to social security benefits. This can be further elucidated by a description of how the goal of activation policy is to create the ideal citizen of society which is an autonomous citizen who is active and independent towards the welfare state. In this way, the activation policy logic has entailed a change in social policy, partly in regard to the social services mission with unemployed recipients and partly regarding those who receive economic social security benefits due to unemployment

Ethnicising activation as a standard story in a Swedish municipal labour market programme

In Sweden, Denmark and Norway, activation policies are used to speed up refugee’s entry into the labour market. Previous research on activation policy documents has shown that refugees are ethnicised in the framing, development, and design of activation, but research on activation practices are lacking on how activation practices targeting refugees are organized and conducted, and why that is. This article analyses how and why refugees and ‘general unemployed’ are activated in different interventions within a municipal labour market programme, and which implications such division may have for the refugees being activated in said labour market programme. The article draws on interviews with a manager, social workers and participants within the same municipal labour market programme. The findings show that unemployed refugees were differentiated from ‘general unemployed’ by placing refugees in a specific intervention. The theoretical analysis, based on Charles Tilly’s theorizations on social categorizations and stories, shows how the differentiation maintained an inequality between the refugee participants and ‘general unemployed participants in how resources were provided, connected to the organization emulating and adapting to surrounding society. The inequal organization was legitimized through the stories the interviewees told regarding the labour market programme which in the article is concluded as a standard story of ethnicising activation. The ethnicising activation is analysed as an exploitation of the unemployed refugee participants, who in turn hoards the opportunity of participating in the labour market programme, in hope to find paths towards the labour market

Nickel-substituted Ba-hexaaluminates as catalysts stem-reforming of tars

Gasification of woody biomass converts the solid organic material into a gaseous product with a higher energy value and by this mean provide a more carbon neutral gaseous fuel than the common fossil ones. The produced raw gas mainly contains H2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O and N2 together with organic (tars) and inorganic (alkali) components and fine particulates. The amount of impurities in the raw gas is dependent of the fuel properties and the gasification process technology and the quality of the resulting product gas determines its suitability for more advanced purposes. One of the major general concerns within the gasification processes is the formation of tars. Tars are a vast group of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and there are a number of definitions. On an EU/IEA/US-DOE discussion meeting in Brussels 1998, a number of experts agreed on a simplified classification of tars as “all organic contaminants with a molecular weight larger than benzene” [1]. The aim of this work is to investigate the steam reforming ability of a catalytic material not previously tested in this type of application in order to achieve an energy-efficient and high-quality gasification gas. The physical demands for an optimal tar-cracking and steam reforming catalyst is a high surface area, thermal stability, mechanical strength and a capacity to withstand high gas velocities, poisons such as H2S or NH3 and other impurities. Additionally it has to resist the process steam, as steam is well known to enhance sintering of porous materials. Nickel is a familiar catalyst for steam reforming. Hexaaluminate is a well-known catalyst support with properties that may answer to the requests of a non-abrasive, high-temperaturestable and steam-resistant catalytic material. It is a structural oxide where the general formula for the doped unit cell is MIMII(x)Al12-xO19-d where MI represents the mirror plane cation and MII is the aluminum site in the lattice where substitution may occur. MII is often a transition metal ion of the same size and charge as aluminum. MI is an ion located in the mirror plane of the structure and it is a large metal ion, often from the alkaline, alkaline earth or rare earth metal group. The stability and activity of these materials are often being related to the properties of MI and MII. The activity is highly dependent on the nature of the Al-substituted metal and partially by the nature of MII [2]. In our experiments we have tested the catalytic capacity of Ni-substituted Ba-hexaaluminates synthesised by the sol-gel method [3], both in a model set-up and in a gasification plant. In the lab-scale set-up different catalyst-formulae was tested under various temperatures for reforming of methyl-naphthalene. The results show a good catalytic activity for tar-breakdown. As expected the substitution level of Ni is clearly coupled to the reaction temperature. With the most highly substituted Ni-Bahexaaluminate at 900 °C all of the methyl-naphthalene has been broken downtogether with all of the resulting hydrocarbons. The Ni-Bahexaaluminate catalyst has recently also been tested in real process-gas. These results are still to be evaluated, but indicate a positive result.    Nationellt Förgasningscentru

Justice and Politics – The ICC’s territorial jurisdiction over occupied Palestinian territory

The subject of this thesis concerns the ICC’s jurisdiction over the occupied Palestinian territories, a question actualised in recent years due to the Palestinian ICC membership. The thesis is mainly conducted through a traditional legal dogmatic method, the exception being the historical background. The author has chosen to apply a scientific theory for this thesis. The theory adopted is Martti Koskenniemi’s theory on the structure of the international legal argument. This theory is applied on the arguments of scholarly contributions and the arguments of the thesis, problematizing the capacity of international law to produce objective, determinate results. After a historical introduction, the thesis starts with the question of Palestinian statehood, arriving at the conclusion that Palestine should be considered a state for the purposes of the ICC. Secondly, the thesis discusses the extent of the Palestinian territory, arriving at the conclusion that the Palestinian territory should be considered a continuation of the Palestinian self-determination unit, therefore encompassing the occupied Palestinian territories including East Jerusalem. After this, the thesis investigates the impacts of the Oslo accords on the jurisdiction of the ICC, arriving at the conclusion that the Oslo accords does not constitute an obstacle for ICC jurisdiction, but may affect the prospects of an ICC arrest warrant. Finally, the thesis discusses general questions surrounding the crime of illegal transfer under article 8 (2) (b) (viii) of the Rome Statute. The author arrives at the conclusion that the Court has jurisdiction over all crimes of illegal transfer with a nexus to the military occupation, and are initiated or completed on Palestinian territory. However, analysis show problems with determinacy for the legal arguments featured in the works of scholars as well as in the thesis. This problem can possibly be a result of inherent indeterminacy within the legal system, and questions the objectivity of legal adjudication in a political conflict

Nickel-substituted Ba-hexaaluminates as catalysts stem-reforming of tars

Gasification of woody biomass converts the solid organic material into a gaseous product with a higher energy value and by this mean provide a more carbon neutral gaseous fuel than the common fossil ones. The produced raw gas mainly contains H2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O and N2 together with organic (tars) and inorganic (alkali) components and fine particulates. The amount of impurities in the raw gas is dependent of the fuel properties and the gasification process technology and the quality of the resulting product gas determines its suitability for more advanced purposes. One of the major general concerns within the gasification processes is the formation of tars. Tars are a vast group of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and there are a number of definitions. On an EU/IEA/US-DOE discussion meeting in Brussels 1998, a number of experts agreed on a simplified classification of tars as “all organic contaminants with a molecular weight larger than benzene” [1]. The aim of this work is to investigate the steam reforming ability of a catalytic material not previously tested in this type of application in order to achieve an energy-efficient and high-quality gasification gas. The physical demands for an optimal tar-cracking and steam reforming catalyst is a high surface area, thermal stability, mechanical strength and a capacity to withstand high gas velocities, poisons such as H2S or NH3 and other impurities. Additionally it has to resist the process steam, as steam is well known to enhance sintering of porous materials. Nickel is a familiar catalyst for steam reforming. Hexaaluminate is a well-known catalyst support with properties that may answer to the requests of a non-abrasive, high-temperaturestable and steam-resistant catalytic material. It is a structural oxide where the general formula for the doped unit cell is MIMII(x)Al12-xO19-d where MI represents the mirror plane cation and MII is the aluminum site in the lattice where substitution may occur. MII is often a transition metal ion of the same size and charge as aluminum. MI is an ion located in the mirror plane of the structure and it is a large metal ion, often from the alkaline, alkaline earth or rare earth metal group. The stability and activity of these materials are often being related to the properties of MI and MII. The activity is highly dependent on the nature of the Al-substituted metal and partially by the nature of MII [2]. In our experiments we have tested the catalytic capacity of Ni-substituted Ba-hexaaluminates synthesised by the sol-gel method [3], both in a model set-up and in a gasification plant. In the lab-scale set-up different catalyst-formulae was tested under various temperatures for reforming of methyl-naphthalene. The results show a good catalytic activity for tar-breakdown. As expected the substitution level of Ni is clearly coupled to the reaction temperature. With the most highly substituted Ni-Bahexaaluminate at 900 °C all of the methyl-naphthalene has been broken downtogether with all of the resulting hydrocarbons. The Ni-Bahexaaluminate catalyst has recently also been tested in real process-gas. These results are still to be evaluated, but indicate a positive result.    Nationellt Förgasningscentru

Barns Behov i Centrum- För alla barn? : En kvalitativ studie om handlingsutrymmet vid användandet av BBiC i arbetet med ensamkommande flyktingbarn

This study regards the Swedish documentation system, BBiC, which is translated from the English version LACS. BBiC is created to make sure that the children’s needs are put in centre of attention in child protection investigations. The BBiC-system becomes problematic regarding unaccompanied refugee children because of the parent-perspective which is a keystone in the system. Therefor BBiC creates discretion for the social worker which is not BBiC: s original intension. The study’s aim was to understand how BBiC: s creates discretion for the social worker that works with unaccompanied refugee children. In the results of the study we show that the social workers discretion expands when using BBiC in the work with unaccompanied refugee children. Because of the lack of guidelines from Socialstyrelsen, BBiC is used differently in different municipalities. The social workers sees BBiC in different ways, some see BBiC as a complete system and has adapted BBiC well to the work with unaccompanied refugee children and therefore the discretion increases. Some has only adapted BBiC as a way of thinking and still has a large discretion. We use Lipskys theory about street-level bureaucracy and discretion. We selected the theory and its concept because it is relevant to analyze how BBiC has created discretion for the social workers that work with unaccompanied refugee children. With a large discretion there is also a risk of injustice safety for the unaccompanied refugee child. Therefor the legitimacy of municipality can be questioned. We preformed semi-structured interviews in eight municipalities in southern Sweden and had twelve interviewees. We have also done literary studies regarding Socialstyrelsens reports about BBiC and the research that concerning the implementation of BBiC

Mellan sysselsättning och jämställdhet : En rapport om handlingsutrymme och motstridiga mål inom lokala arbetsmarknadsinsatser

Rapporten lyfter att snabba vägar till arbetsmarknaden inte nödvändigtvis innebär jämställdhet utifrån den segregerade arbetsmarknad som råder i Sverige vad gäller såväl kön som etnicitet. Studiens syfte har varit att beskriva och analysera hur kommunal arbetsmarknadspolitik kommer till uttryck i faktiska verksamheter och hur dessa relaterar till övergripande intentioner, reglerande styrdokument och chefers, socialarbetares och arbetslösas behov, intressen och perspektiv. De anställdas handlingsutrymme uppfattas som central för att bedriva en verksamhet trots den mängd (potentiella) spänningar som kan uppstå i hanteringen av olika mål tillsammans med samhällets, deltagare och arbetsgivares förväntningar. Handlingsutrymmet för socialarbetarna undersöks och förstås i relation till kommunala och organisationsspecifika mål om jämställdhet och sysselsättning som avses styra vad som ska göras i insatserna och sätts i relation till hur socialarbetarna förstår och hanterar dessa i praktiken. Exempelvis att hantera kommunens mål om jämställdhet om än att deltagare gör yrkesval som går emot målen om jämställdhet. Liksom de potentiella motsättningar som kan finnas mellan att stärka grupper med en svagare position och bristande förankring på arbetsmarknaden, och samtidigt genomföra kommunens mål kring sysselsättning och jämställdhet. För att nå studiens syfte utgick studien från fyra kommunala arbetsmarknadsinsatser inom en kommunal arbetsmarknadsorganisation. Insatserna har studerats genom grupp- och individuella intervjuer, dokumentstudier samt observationer. Totalt har 57 personer intervjuats. Analysen av materialet har en teoretisk referensram som inkluderar en organisationsteoretisk förståelse som hämtas från nyinstitutionell organisationsteori, samt teoretiska begrepp från Michael Lipskys (2010) teori om gräsrotsbyråkrati och handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visar att organisationens mål om sysselsättning ofta är tydligt och mätbart formulerade medan mål om jämställdhet ofta är mer svårdefinierade och således svåra att mäta. Resultatet visar vidare på en spänning genom att målen ordnas hierarkiskt i förhållande till varandra där de hårda, tydligt mätbara sådana verkar få företräde framför andra. Målen kring sysselsättning och jämställdhet förstås som motstridiga såtillvida att målen om sysselsättning indikerar att insatserna så snabbt som möjligt ska förmå den arbetslöse att finna en egenförsörjning vilket ofta innebär att följa den struktur som finns inom arbetsmarknaden, medan målen om jämställdhet snarare belyser vikten av strukturellt inriktade insatser som innebär att köns- och rasnormativa val i arbetslivet motverkas. Genom sitt handlingsutrymme prioriterar personal och chefer mål om sysselsättning före mål om jämställdhet utifrån olika strategier. Eftersom jämställdhetsmålen inte är tydligt definierade eller operationaliserade skapas det således ett tämligen stort handlingsutrymme där personalen kan fokusera på att hitta ett arbete åt deltagaren istället för att arbeta förändringsinriktat mot normer. Handlingsutrymmet möjliggör dock att ha mål gällande sysselsättning och jämställdhet som får organisationen att framstå som legitim, om än att jämställdhetsmålen inte är inkorporerade i hur det dagliga arbetet utförs. På en övergripande nivå diskuterar rapporten frågor rörande målsättningar på kort och lång sikt. Snabba effekter och enklaste vägen in till arbetsmarknaden riskerar att konservera befintliga strukturer, värderingar och kan i förlängningen minska möjligheter till social mobilitet bland grupper med en svagare ställning på arbetsmarknaden