Immunochemical studies on a laminaribiosyl-azoprotein conjugate

Laminaribiose () was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by an azophenyl linkage to provide the synthetic antigen BSA-p-phenylazo-[beta]-laminaribioside. The behavior of antisera prepared in rabbits immunized with the [beta]-laminaribiosyl conjugate was examined by immunodiffusion, quantitative precipitation and hapten inhibition. Anticonjugate absorbed with carrier protein showed the greatest reactivity with the homologous [beta]-laminaribiosyl-BSA antigen, but also showed some cross precipitation with [beta]-cellobiosyl, [beta]-sophorosyl and [beta]-gentiobiosyl-BSA conjugates. Glucobioses linked through the [beta]-(1 --> 2), [beta]-(1 --> 3), [beta]-(1 --> 4) and [beta]-(1 --> 6) positions, as well as laminaridextrins and tri and tetrasaccharides of [beta]-linked glucose possessing a laminaribiose moiety either at a nonreducing end location or at a subterminal location, were assayed for their ability to inhibit antilaminaribioside precipitation. Hapten inhibition data showed anticonjugate a possess a high degree of specificity directed against the terminal nonreducing [beta]-laminaribiosyl end group.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32752/1/0000121.pd

Balance conditions in variational data assimilation for a high-resolution forecast model

This paper explores the role of balance relationships for background error covariance modelling as the model's grid box decreases to convective-scales. Data assimilation (DA) analyses are examined from a simplified convective-scale model and DA system (called ABC-DA) with a grid box size of 1.5km in a 2D 540km (longitude), 15km (height) domain. The DA experiments are performed with background error covariance matrices B modelled and calibrated by switching on/off linear balance (LB) and hydrostatic balance (HB), and by observing a subset of the ABC variables, namely v, meridional wind, r', scaled density (a pressure-like variable), and b', buoyancy (a temperature-like variable). Calibration data are sourced from two methods of generating proxies of forecast errors. One uses forecasts from different latitude slices of a 3D parent model (here called the `latitude slice method'), and the other uses sets of differences between forecasts of different lengths but valid at the same time (the National Meteorological Center method). Root-mean-squared errors computed over the domain from identical twin DA experiments suggest that there is no combination of LB/HB switches that give the best analysis for all model quantities. It is frequently found though that the B-matrices modelled with both LB and HB do perform the best. A clearer picture emerges when the errors are examined at different spatial scales. In particular it is shown that switching on HB in B mostly has a neutral/positive effect on the DA accuracy at `large' scales, and switching off the HB has a neutral/positive effect at `small' scales. The division between `large' and `small' scales is between 10 and 100km. Furthermore, one hour forecast error correlations computed between control parameters find that correlations are small at large scales when balances are enforced, and at small scales when balances are not enforced (ideal control parameters have zero cross correlations). This points the way to modelling B with scale-dependent balances

The environmental fate of depleted Uranium particulate after 25 years

The environmental fate of depleted Uranium particulate after 25 year