Sean O’Casey’s Feminist Vein: Empowered Female Representations in Juno and the Paycock

In a period when the stereotype of womanhood in Irish drama was determined by political influences, and the male figure was the sole representation of the active force of humanity, Sean O’Casey’s women were a type of subject which was apparently non-existent, even though they demonstrated the real significance of the power they withheld among their families and communities. In Juno and the Paycock (1924), the playwright surprises the audience by staging representations of Dublin tenement women which subvert the prevailing image of powerless females in Irish drama. O’Casey’s female characters, Juno and Mary, undergo a process of strengthening which enables them to surpass domineering structural forces and challenge conservative and oppressive gender expectations about power. They are depicted as being imperfect,just as men are, but they are also representations of autonomous individuals who embody characteristics that lead us to envisage female empowerment. This article seeks to demonstrate that when applying notions of personal empowerment, O’Casey’s play confers visibility and appropriate representation to those strong marginalised women

On the Measurement of Privacy as an Attacker's Estimation Error

A wide variety of privacy metrics have been proposed in the literature to evaluate the level of protection offered by privacy enhancing-technologies. Most of these metrics are specific to concrete systems and adversarial models, and are difficult to generalize or translate to other contexts. Furthermore, a better understanding of the relationships between the different privacy metrics is needed to enable more grounded and systematic approach to measuring privacy, as well as to assist systems designers in selecting the most appropriate metric for a given application. In this work we propose a theoretical framework for privacy-preserving systems, endowed with a general definition of privacy in terms of the estimation error incurred by an attacker who aims to disclose the private information that the system is designed to conceal. We show that our framework permits interpreting and comparing a number of well-known metrics under a common perspective. The arguments behind these interpretations are based on fundamental results related to the theories of information, probability and Bayes decision.Comment: This paper has 18 pages and 17 figure

The telecoupled sustainability impacts of global agricultural value chains:Assessing the cross-scale sustainability impacts of the cocoa sector

Agriculture is a major contributor to the global environmental crisis. Natural ecosystems are being replaced by agricultural land, which leads to the extinction of species and the release of tons of carbon emissions. Global agricultural value chains (GVCs) have grown due to the intensification of international trade. While GVCs have undeniably created economic opportunities for the agriculture sector, they have also led to the escalation of local environmental issues. Several initiatives have been implemented to reduce the negative impacts of agriculture, including government regulations, sustainability certification labels, and voluntary sustainability commitments. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives has been questioned due to several reasons, including the mismatches between the scale of the problem and the solution, the lack of monitoring and verification of sustainability actions, and their weak enforcement. Sustainability initiatives are informed by studies assessing the impacts of agriculture that often only focus on local impacts, while disregarding larger-scale – telecoupled– dynamics that can trigger impacts across geographic and temporal scales. This thesis aims to help bridge these knowledge gaps by examining the impacts of agricultural GVCs across scales, studying the role of GVC’s configuration in modulating these impacts and investigating the role of GVC actors in mitigating sustainability risks across scales. The global cocoa value chain is used as a case study. Chapter 2 examines various impact assessment methods and their ability to capture the effects caused by telecoupled dynamics across different scales. The study concludes that no single method is sufficient to capture all telecoupled cross-scale dynamics and that the integration of different methods is necessary to bridge gaps between methods and complement their scope. Chapter 3 implements the recommendations outlined in Chapter 2 by analyzing the impacts caused by cocoa agroforestry and cocoa full-sun production in Ghana. Impacts on carbon, biodiversity stocks, and environmental pollution were analyzed within and beyond the farm-level. This chapter reveals that findings drawn from farm-level assessments can contradict those from landscape-level assessments. Decision-makers focused should be wary of extrapolating farm-level assessment results to larger scales. Chapter 4 expands the scope to the global scale by examining the role of the cocoa GVC configuration on the capacity of the sector to address sustainability challenges across scales. The chapter identifies different types of cocoa traders, their market dominance, and sustainability commitments. The chapter highlights that to address the telecoupled impacts of the cocoa GVC, coordinated action between traders is required, along with government interventions to balance power asymmetries. Chapter 5 measured the degree to which cocoa traders, as identified in Chapter 4, are exposed to deforestation and climate change. This chapter highlights that sustainability challenges in agricultural value chains cannot be resolved in isolation as farming systems are constantly interacting with other farming systems and land competing sectors. To avoid displacing negative impacts across scales, it is necessary to have a coordinated and collaborative effort from stakeholders and sectors involved in making decisions related to land use. This thesis shows that addressing the telecoupled impacts caused by agricultural value chains needs a good understanding of the cause-effect dynamics at play. This requires the quantification of impacts caused by agriculture across scales and the characterization of the GVC network of actors modulating these impacts. Interdisciplinary methods need to be leveraged and integrated to generate actionable insights. The findings of this thesis can assist decision-makers and private actors in devising customized sustainability strategies, prioritizing action, and addressing the most vulnerable hotspots while being mindful of global teleconnections and avoiding spillovers

Reflexões sobre a enfermagem desde a biopolítica: relações de poder e cuidado

Este ensayo tiene como objetivos reflexionar desde la perspectiva foucaultiana, el cuidado que se entrega y se enseña a los futuros profesionales y analizar las relaciones de poder en el ámbito de la enfermería y el vínculo con las personas “objetos de cuidado” desde un enfoque bioético. La metodología incorpora un análisis de textos desde la perspectiva foucaultiana en salud, una mirada retrospectiva sobre experiencias profesionales y la instalación de dispositivos de poder en enfermería. Se analizan fuentes relacionadas con la historia de enfermería y la formación profesional con énfasis en las relaciones profesores/estudiantes y enfermeros/pacientes. Se contrastan aspectos bioéticos y contextos profesionales. La enfermería ha normalizado la instalación de lógicas de control en la atención directa de personas y en el cuidado, lo cual además se transfiere a la formación de enfermeras y enfermeros. Actualmente, el pensamiento de enfermería se ha ampliado, independizado y adaptado a los contextos, lo que invita a visualizar desde una perspectiva más amplia el propósito del quehacer disciplinar y profesional, abriendo una mirada introspectiva que permita comprender, que el ejercicio de la enfermería desde lo cotidiano, perpetúa lógicas de subordinación y poder tanto en la atención directa como en los equipos de trabajo.This essay invites to a reflection, from the Foucauldian perspective, about the viewpoint of nursing-care delivery and teaching to future professionals, as well as the analysis of the relations of power in nursing and the link with people “caring objects” from a bioethical point of view. The methodology includes texts analysis from a Foucauldian perspective in health, a retrospective view about the experiences of professionals nurses and the installation of mechanism of power in nursing. Sources related to nursing history and the professional formation with emphasis on professor/student and nurse/patient relationship were analyzed. Bioethical aspects and professional contexts were compared. Currently nurses have normalized the existence of control mechanism within the direct attention of people and their care, which is transferred to the formation of nurses. Nowadays, nursing thoughts have been expanded, become independent and adapted to different contexts. This invites to use a broader perspective to observe the purpose of the discipline and the profession of nursing, using an introspective view that allows to understand that the nursing practice perpetuates subordination and power in both direct care teams and work teams.Este tema tem como objetivos reflexionar desde a perspectiva foucaultiana, o cuidado que se entrega e se ensina a os futuros professionais e analizar as relações de poder em o ámbito da enfermería e o vínculo com as pessoas “objetos de cuidado” desde um enfoque bioético. A metodología incorpora um análises de textos desde a perspectiva foucaultiana em saúde, uma olhada retrospectiva sobre experiências professionais e a instalação de dispositivos de poder em enfermería. Se analizam fontes relacionadas com a história da enfermaría e da formação professional com énfases em as relacões professores/estudantes e enfermeros/pacientes. Se contrastam aspectos bioéticos e contextos professionais. A enfermería ha normalizado a instalação de lógicas de controle em a atenção direta de pessoas e em o cuidado, do qual se transfere a formação de enfermeiras e enfermeiros. Atualmente, o pensamento de enfermaría se ha ampliado, independizado e adaptado a os contextos, o que convidam a visualizar desde uma perspectiva mais ampla o proposto de que fazer disciplinar e professional, abrindo uma nova forma de observar, a introspectiva que permita compreender, que o exercício da enfermería desde o cotidiano, perpetue lógicas de subordinação e poder tanto em a atenção direta como em as equipes de trabalhos

The Genocide and the Rising: Drama withstanding the past

This essay proposes a comparative analysis of the plays Exile in the cradle (2003), by Lorne Shirinian, which dramatizes the Armenian genocide (1915), and The Patriot Game (1991), by Tom Murphy, which revives the Irish insurrection known as Easter Rising (1916), focusing on their female characters, who did not experience those events but still face their aftermath. When compared, besides the consideration about women and how they have been excluded from the traditional accounts, both texts reveal a dialogue with respect to resistance, national liberation and its implications for future generations. In this sense, revisionism may be also a form of overcoming unfortunate components and adjusting the understanding of the past

Sistematización de una experiencia pedagógica de aula para el fortalecimiento de la comprensión y expresión del discurso oral, a través de una secuencia didáctica en estudiantes de grado décimo de la institución educativa Inem Felipe Pérez de Pereira

El propósito de esta investigación, es sistematizar una práctica pedagógica a través de una Secuencia Didáctica, para el fortalecimiento de la comprensión y la expresión oral en estudiantes del grado 10-08 de la Institución Educativa INEM Felipe Pérez de la ciudad de Pereira. Para tal fin, este trabajo cuenta con un marco teórico que fundamenta tanto la historia con Ramírez Bravo1, como los modelos y conceptos de comprensión y expresión oral con Cassany y otros2; así mismo se toma como referente la situación de enunciación con la teoría de Martínez3 y la argumentación razonada desde Silvestri4. Además de esto, consta de un marco metodológico que enmarca la secuencia didáctica en la cual se describe el proceso desarrollado en el aula, de allí que los conceptos de sistematización y secuencia didáctica, se aborden desde Francisco Joao de Souza, Anna Camps y Gloria Rincón respectivamente.The purpose of this research is to systematize a pedagogical practice through a didactic sequence, to strengthen comprehension and oral expression in 10-08 grade students of School INEM Felipe Pérez Pereira city. To this end, this paper offers a theoretical framework that underlies much history with Bravo Roberto Ramirez, as the models and concepts, and speaking with Daniel Cassany; well it is taken as a reference to the situation of enunciation theory Maria Cristina Martinez and reasoned argument with Adriana Silvestri. Besides this, a methodological framework consists of framing the teaching sequence in which the process developed in the classroom, hence the concepts of systematic and didactic sequence, is approached from Joao Francisco de Souza, Ana Gloria Rincon Camps and described respectively

Caracterización del eslabón de transformación de la cadena de la guadua en Pereira

Con este proyecto se pretendió realizar un estudio en las empresas dónde se transforma la guadua en la ciudad de Pereira, con el fin de conocer el estado actual del eslabón de transformación de la cadena de la guadua y de esta manera poder concluir porque el mercado ha dejado de lado los beneficios que ofrece la guadua y pasa por alto los costos de adquisición que tiene la planta. Para ello se efectuó una encuesta que consta de 54 preguntas divididas en 7 partes, realizada a 15 empresas entre artesanas, industriales y constructoras pertenecientes al sector de transformación de la guadua de Dosquebradas y Pereira. Con este se concluyó que, el estado actual del eslabón de transformación de la cadena de la guadua se describe en un nicho de mercado que no es muy amplio y donde la utilidad de las empresas es apenas aceptable. También se resalta que, para garantizar la sostenibilidad, no solo del modelo económico sino de la actividad en si como opción de desarrollo en la ciudad de Pereira, se debe fortalecer el proceso de gobernanza en el eslabón de transformación y orientar a los propietarios de las empresas para que asuman su papel a partir de acciones educativas, como una organización de la cadena productiva. El presente trabajo de grado hace parte de la Tesis Doctoral denominada “MODELO PARA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD DE LA Guadua angustifolia Kunth EN RISARALDA” en el marco del Doctorado en Ciencias Ambientales del profesor Jaime Osorio Guzmán

Estudio de factibilidad para el manejo turístico de la Finca Nápoles, Montenegro (Quindío)

Se consideró la importancia de la realización de un estudio de Factibilidad turística en la Finca Nápoles Montenegro Quindío, dado que allí, se han venido desarrollando proyectos de gran relevancia a nivel económico y ambiental, tales como socializaciones, capacitaciones en temas ambientales y transferencias de tecnologías amigables con el medio ambiente, llevándola con esto, a estar en un nivel superior en cuanto a conocimientos y experiencias. Dentro del proceso que se llevó a cabo, se realizó un diagnóstico de la zona, con el fin de conocer los aspectos generales, biofísicos y socioeconómicos de la finca Nápoles, identificando así las diferentes potencialidades que presenta la finca. Todo esto se llevo a cabo para identificar la Alternativa de turismo, la cual se debió acoplar a las características del lugar y a sus posibles demandantes. Definida la alternativa (Agroturismo), se recopiló información secundaria para realizar el estudio de mercado, dejando más claro el estado del sector turístico en la zona, definiendo posteriormente los servicios a prestar, sus costos y el tipo de visitantes. Para establecer una relación en cuanto a sostenibilidad económica y utilidades o ganancias esperadas, se procedió a realizar un estudio tanto técnico como financiero, conociendo con estos la viabilidad de la propuesta

Modelo preditivo de o grau de incapacidade em adultos com lesão medular: resultados da WHO-DAS II

Objective: To establish a prediction model of the degree of disability in adults with Spinal CordInjury (SCI ) based on the use of the WHO-DAS II . Methods: The disability degree was correlatedwith three variable groups: clinical, sociodemographic and those related with rehabilitation services.A model of multiple linear regression was built to predict disability. 45 people with sci exhibitingdiverse etiology, neurological level and completeness participated. Patients were older than 18 andthey had more than a six-month post-injury. The WHO-DAS II and the ASIA impairment scale(AIS ) were used. Results: Variables that evidenced a significant relationship with disability were thefollowing: occupational situation, type of affiliation to the public health care system, injury evolutiontime, neurological level, partial preservation zone, ais motor and sensory scores and number ofclinical complications during the last year. Complications significantly associated to disability werejoint pain, urinary infections, intestinal problems and autonomic disreflexia. None of the variablesrelated to rehabilitation services showed significant association with disability. The disability degreeexhibited significant differences in favor of the groups that received the following services: assistivedevices supply and vocational, job or educational counseling. Conclusions: The best predictiondisability model in adults with sci with more than six months post-injury was built with variablesof injury evolution time, AIS sensory score and injury-related unemployment.Objetivo: Establecer un modelo predictivo del grado de discapacidad en adultos con lesión medulara partir de la utilización del WHO-DAS II . Materiales y Métodos: Se correlacionó el grado dediscapacidad (por áreas y final) con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con los serviciosde rehabilitación y se construyó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para discapacidad.Participaron 45 personas con lesión medular de variada etiología, nivel neurológico y completitud,mayores de 18 años con más de seis meses de evolución. Se utilizó el WHO-DAS II y la escala dedeficiencia ASIA . Resultados: Las variables que evidenciaron relación significativa con la discapacidadfueron: situación ocupacional, tipo de afiliación al sistema público de salud, tiempo de evolución,nivel neurológico, zona de preservación parcial, índices motor y sensitivo ASIA y número decomplicaciones clínicas en el último año. Las complicaciones que se asociaron significativamentecon la discapacidad fueron dolor articular, infecciones urinarias, problemas intestinales y disreflexiaautonómica. Ninguna de las variables asociadas a servicios de rehabilitación presentó asociaciónsignificativa con la discapacidad. Los únicos servicios que mostraron diferencia significativa entreel grupo que los recibió y el que no, en relación con la discapacidad, fueron el suministro de aditamentosy la orientación vocacional, laboral o educativa. Conclusiones: El mejor modelo predictivode discapacidad en adultos con lesión medular con más de seis meses de evolución se construyó conlas variables tiempo de evolución, índice sensitivo ASIA y desempleo por la lesión.Objetivo: Estabelecer um modelo preditivo do grau de deficiência em adultos com lesão medular apartir da utilização do WHO-DAS II Metodologia: correlacionou-se o grau de deficiência (por árease final) com variáveis sócio-demográficas, clínicas e relacionadas com os serviços de reabilitação econstruiu-se um modelo de regressão lineal múltiple para deficiência. Participaram 45 pessoas comlesão medular de variada etologia, nível neurológico e plenitude, maiores de 18 anos, com mais deseis meses de evolução. Utilizou-se o WHO-DAS II e a escala de deficiência ASIA. Resultados: Asvariáveis que evidenciaram relação significativa com a discapacidade foram: situação ocupacional,tipo de afiliação ao sistema público de saúde, tempo de evolução, nível neurológico, zona de preservaçãoparcial, índices motor e sensitivo ASIA e número de complicações clínicas no último ano.As complicações se associaram significativamente com a deficiência foram dor articular, infecçõesurinarias, problemas intestinais e disreflexia autonômica. Nenhuma das variáveis associadas a serviçosde reabilitação apresentou associação significativa com a deficiência. Os únicos serviços quemostraram diferença significativa entre o grupo que os recebeu e o grupo que não, em relação coma deficiência, foram o fornecimento de aditamentos e a orientação vocacional, laboral ou educativa.Conclusões: o melhor modelo preditivo de deficiência em adultos com lesão medular com maisde 6 meses de evolução se construiu com as variáveis: tempo de evolução, índice sensitivo ASIA edesemprego pela lesão

Validade de aparência e concorrente de um instrumento de avaliação de incapacidade em pessoas com lesão medular crônica baseado no core set abreviado da cif

Objetivo. Determinar la validez de apariencia y concurrente de un instrumento de evaluación de la discapacidad en personas con lesión medular crónica (SCI-DAS), basado en el core set abreviadode la CIF. Metodología. Participaron 100 personas con lesión medular de más de seis meses de evolución de cuatro ciudades colombianas, así como ocho fisioterapeutas con una experiencia profesional promedio de 6,75 años. La validez de apariencia se evaluó a través de un grupo focal y una encuesta a los observadores, se calcularon los coeficientes de variación de los ítems y los índices de pertinencia y adecuación. Mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman se analizó la validez concurrente con la escala de deficiencia AIS (American SpinalInjury Association[ASIA] Impairment Scale), y la escala de discapacidad WHO-DASII. Resultados. La pertinencia y adecuación global del instrumento arrojaron una media de 4,83/5 y 4,48/5 con un coeficiente de variación de 0,03. El índice de acuerdo entre observadores para las calificaciones de buena y excelente fue de 0,96 para pertinencia y 0,86 para adecuación. La discapacidad medida con el SCI-DAS mostró correlación significativa moderada con el nivel neurológico, los índice motor y sensitivo AIS, y alta con la discapacidad medida con el WHO-DAS II (p<0,001). Se encontró correlación baja estadísticamente marginal con la escala de compromiso funcional AIS (p=0,052). Conclusiones. Se encontró en general buena validez de apariencia del instrumento SCI-DAS, así mismo se evidenció la validez concurrente del instrumento SCI-DAS con la escala de deficiencia AIS y con la Escala de Discapacidad de la OMS-WHO-DAS II.Objetivo. Determinar a validade de aparência e concorrente de um instrumento de avaliação deincapacidade em pessoas com lesão medular crônica (sci-das), com base no core set abreviado daCIF. Metodologia. Participaram 100 pessoas com lesão medular de mais de seis meses de evolução  de quatro cidades colombianas, assim como oito fisioterapeutas com uma experiência professional  media de 6,75 anos. A validade da aparência foi avaliada por meio de um grupo focal e um inquéritoaos observadores, calcularem- sem os coeficientes de variação dos itens e os índices de pertinência  e adequação. Mediante o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman se analisou a validade concorrentecom a escala de deficiência AIS (American SpinalInjuryAssociation [asia] Impairment Scale), e Escala de Discapacidade WHO-DAS II. Resultados. A relevância e adequação global do instrumento resultou em uma média de 4,83/5 e 4,48/5 com um coeficiente de variação de 0,03. A taxa de concordância entre observadores para as classificações de boa e excelente foi 0,96 para relevância e 0,86 para a adequação. A incapacidade medida com o SCI-DAS mostrou correlação significativa moderada com o nível neurológico, os índices motor e sensorial AIS, e alta com a incapadidade medida com o WHO-DAS II (p <0,001). Foi encontrada correlação baixa estatisticamente marginal com a escala de compromisso funcional AIS (p = 0,052). Conclusões. No geral, foi encontrada boa validade de aparência do instrumento SCI-DAS, assim como também se evidenciou a validade concorrente do instrumento SCI-DAS com a Escala de Deficiência AIS e com a Escala de Incapacidade da OMS-WHO-DAS II.Objective. To determine the appearance and concurrent validity of an instrument for assessing disability in people with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI-DAS), based on the ICF Core Set. Metodology. The study was launched among a group of 100 Colombians from four cities suffering spinal cord injury for longer than six months. Eight physical therapists, with an average professional experience of over 6.75 years, participated in this study. Appearance validity was assessed through a focus group and a survey of observers, the items of coefficient of variation and the relevance and appropriateness index were calculated. Concurrent validity was analyzed with AIS (American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] Impairment Scale) and Disability Scale WHO-DAS II, using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results. The overall relevance and adequacy of the instrument yielded an average of 4.83/5 and 4.48/5, with a variation coefficient of 0.03. The agreement index among observers for qualifications of good and excellent reached 0.96 for relevance, and 0.86 for adequacy. The disability measured by the SCI-DAS showed a moderate significant correlation with the neurological level, the AIS motor and sensory indices, and a high correlation with disability, measured by WHO-DAS II (p<0. 001). A marginal statistically low-level correlation of functional compromise scale AIS (p = 0. 052) was found. Conclusions. In general, a good appearance validity of the instrument (SCIDAS) was found. The concurrent validity of the instrument (SCI-DAS) through the impairment scale AIS and the Disability Scale - WHO-DAS II was also evidenced