Sexual Maturation, Attitudes towards Sexual Maturity, and Body Esteem in Elementary-School Children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate sexual maturation, attitudes toward sexual maturity, and body esteem in the sexual development of Korean elementary-school boys and girls. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 399 fifth and sixth graders (192 boys and 207 girls). The data were analysed with a χ2 test, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Among the 207 girls, 70.5% had pubic hair growth, 68.1% had breast development, and 56.0% had a menstrual period. In boys, 59.4% of the 192 subjects experienced the development of external genitalia and 52.6% had pubic hair growth. Sexual maturation was related to grade (boys, t=7.07, p=.008; girls, t=12.76, p < .001), age (t=−2.20, p=.030; t=−4.11, p < .001), height (t=−5.16, p < .001; t=−7.52, p < .001), and weight (t=−2.89, p=.004; t=−5.19, p < .001) in both boys and girls. Girls were more likely to have sexual maturity than boys (χ2=22.29, p < .001). Boys showed more positive attitudes toward sexual maturity (t=2.10, p=.036) and higher body esteem (t=2.12, p=.035) than girls. CONCLUSION: This study shows that sexual maturation, attitude toward sexual maturity, and body esteem in sexual development differ between boys and girls. The findings indicate that it is necessary to develop a tailored sex-education program according to the sex of elementary-school children

Prediction of overall survival for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer : development of a prognostic model through a crowdsourced challenge with open clinical trial data

Background Improvements to prognostic models in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer have the potential to augment clinical trial design and guide treatment strategies. In partnership with Project Data Sphere, a not-for-profit initiative allowing data from cancer clinical trials to be shared broadly with researchers, we designed an open-data, crowdsourced, DREAM (Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods) challenge to not only identify a better prognostic model for prediction of survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer but also engage a community of international data scientists to study this disease. Methods Data from the comparator arms of four phase 3 clinical trials in first-line metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer were obtained from Project Data Sphere, comprising 476 patients treated with docetaxel and prednisone from the ASCENT2 trial, 526 patients treated with docetaxel, prednisone, and placebo in the MAINSAIL trial, 598 patients treated with docetaxel, prednisone or prednisolone, and placebo in the VENICE trial, and 470 patients treated with docetaxel and placebo in the ENTHUSE 33 trial. Datasets consisting of more than 150 clinical variables were curated centrally, including demographics, laboratory values, medical history, lesion sites, and previous treatments. Data from ASCENT2, MAINSAIL, and VENICE were released publicly to be used as training data to predict the outcome of interest-namely, overall survival. Clinical data were also released for ENTHUSE 33, but data for outcome variables (overall survival and event status) were hidden from the challenge participants so that ENTHUSE 33 could be used for independent validation. Methods were evaluated using the integrated time-dependent area under the curve (iAUC). The reference model, based on eight clinical variables and a penalised Cox proportional-hazards model, was used to compare method performance. Further validation was done using data from a fifth trial-ENTHUSE M1-in which 266 patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer were treated with placebo alone. Findings 50 independent methods were developed to predict overall survival and were evaluated through the DREAM challenge. The top performer was based on an ensemble of penalised Cox regression models (ePCR), which uniquely identified predictive interaction effects with immune biomarkers and markers of hepatic and renal function. Overall, ePCR outperformed all other methods (iAUC 0.791; Bayes factor >5) and surpassed the reference model (iAUC 0.743; Bayes factor >20). Both the ePCR model and reference models stratified patients in the ENTHUSE 33 trial into high-risk and low-risk groups with significantly different overall survival (ePCR: hazard ratio 3.32, 95% CI 2.39-4.62, p Interpretation Novel prognostic factors were delineated, and the assessment of 50 methods developed by independent international teams establishes a benchmark for development of methods in the future. The results of this effort show that data-sharing, when combined with a crowdsourced challenge, is a robust and powerful framework to develop new prognostic models in advanced prostate cancer.Peer reviewe

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetism in ultrathin epitaxial rare-earth metal films

This thesis reports the investigation of the magnetic behavior of ultrathin epitaxial films of the heavy rare-earth elements; Gd, Er, and Dy, grown with the technique of Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). By employing advanced film fabrication techniques, each magnetic rare-earth element layer, between 0.1 and 10 atomic layers thick and magnetically separated from one another by thick spacers, is grown in layer-by-layer growth mode to insure high crystal quality. Magnetization of the resulting films is measured to identify the spin structures and the magnetic phases. The localized 4f spins in the rare-earth layers and complete interlayer magnetic separation give the present approach a unique advantage over the previously used experimental methods.Expounding on the capability to fabricate two-dimensional systems, this thesis explores the following questions. How do these systems behave in two dimension? At what thickness does the transition between the two-dimensional behavior and the three-dimensional behavior occur? What are the effects of exchange anisotropy caused by the anisotropic 4f electrons and the crystal field? What are the effects of the basal plane strain caused by lattice mismatch between spacer layers and magnetic elements?The answers can be summarized as follows. All the systems probed in this thesis display spin-glass phases in two dimension. Dimensional crossover occurs between 1-3 monolayer thickness in these films. The effect of the exchange anisotropy is reflected in the magnitude of the susceptibility along different axes. Strain, or lattice mismatch, introduces random anisotropy into the systems in the ultrathin films resulting in random axis magnet phases. The overall picture is a complex interplay of the exchange anisotropy of the magnetic element, the random anisotropy caused by the size difference between the spacer elements and the magnetic elements, randomness in exchange interaction due to the structural randomness, basal plane strain due to the spacer layer, and dimensional crossover as a function of the film thickness.U of I OnlyETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permissio

Identifying influential factors of solvents on heterogeneous enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl pyruvate through machine learning analysis

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A Comparative Study of Chirally Modified Platinum catalysts in Heterogeneous Enantioselective Hydrogenation

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Enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl pyruvate over Pt catalysts supported on amine-functionalized silica

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High-performance Pt catalysts supported on amine-functionalized silica for enantioselective hydrogenation of alpha-keto ester

Heterogeneous enantioselective catalysis is an attractive approach to produce enantiopure chemicals, which are key intermediates for pharmaceutical products. Herein, mesocellular silica foams (MCFs) functionalized by primary, secondary, and tertiary amine groups were used as supports for Pt nanoparticles. The catalytic performances of the Pt/amine-functionalized MCFs were evaluated for the enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl pyruvate in the presence of cinchonidine. Compared to Pt/MCF, the Pt/amine-functionalized MCFs exhibited enhanced activity and enantioselectivity. Particularly, 0.5 wt% Pt/NH2MCF showed a superior performance than 5 wt% Pt/Al2O3, a highly efficient catalyst in the enantioselective hydrogenation of a-keto esters, despite a 10 times lower Pt loading. Furthermore, the Pt/NH2-MCF yielded 100% conversion and 96% ee at 0.1 MPa H-2 pressure during nine successive cycles, thus showing high reusability. The excellent performance of the Pt/amine-functionalized MCFs is attributed to the formation of electron-deficient Pt species through strong interactions between the Pt nanoparticles and amine groups. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.11Nsciescopu

Comparison of margin assessment between intraoperative digital and conventional specimen mammography in breast cancer: A preliminary study

Background: Although breast surgeons can request frozen section biopsies to evaluate margin status in breast-conserving surgery (BCS), specimen imaging is also a useful assessment tool. Intraoperative digital specimen mammography (IDSM) has recently been introduced in Korea. To estimate the clinical role of IDSM, this study compared the clinicopathologic factors of patients whose specimen was assessed with IDSM with those assessed using conventional specimen mammography (CSM). Methods: From October to December 2021, 78 breast cancer patients who underwent BCS were included in this study. The obtained specimens were assessed using IDSM (n = 44) and CSM (n = 34). Clinicopathologic factors included margin involvement status in specimen mammography and the results of frozen section biopsies. The radiation dose emitted from the specimen after mammography was measured using a portable device. Results: There were no significant differences in clinicopathological factors between the two groups, except the type of surgery for axillary lymph nodes. The closest distance from the margin to tumor was longer in the CSM group than in the IDSM group, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.894). Margin involvement was accurately detected using IDSM due to the absence of compression (p < 0.001). In addition, the sensitivity and accuracy of IDSM were higher, and the false-negative rate was lower. Conclusion: Both specimen mammography methods were highly accurate in evaluating the margin involvement status. However, the margin status could be examined more precisely using IDSM because the specimen was not compressed to perform the examination. Because the IDSM system was installed in the operating room, it not only shortened performing routes but also reduced the operating time by providing immediate results

DNA sensors based on CNT-FET with floating electrodes

We report a successful development of a floating electrode-based DNA sensor with controllable responses. Here, metallic floating electrodes were fabricated to form Schottky barriers between carbon nanotubes and the floating electrodes. We showed that the sensor response could be enhanced by increasing the number of floating electrodes. We also analyzed the response of the sensors based on the Langmuir isotherm theory. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Highly selective and sensitive detection of neurotransmitters using receptor-modified single-walled carbon nanotube sensors

Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/Nano/24/285501/mmediaWe present receptor-modified carbon nanotube sensors for the highly selective and sensitive detection of acetylcholine (ACh), one kind of neurotransmitter. Here, we successfully expressed the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR), a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in E. coli and coated single-walled carbon nanotube (swCNT)-field effect transistors (FETs) with lipid membrane including the receptor, enabling highly selective and sensitive ACh detection. Using this sensor, we could detect ACh at 100 pM concentration. Moreover, we showed that this sensor could selectively detect ACh among other neurotransmitters. This is the first demonstration of the real-time detection of ACh using specific binding between ACh and M1 mAChR, and it may lead to breakthroughs for various applications such as disease diagnosis and drug screening.This work was supported by the Converging Research Center Program (No. 2012K001366) and the WCU program (No. R31-10032). SH acknowledges support from NRF grants (Nos 2013-003416, 2013007874). THP acknowledges support from the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Nos 2013003890, 2012K001365, 20120006564, 2012-0001020, WCU project R32-2012-000-10213-0).OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2013-01/102/0000002410/12SEQ:12PERF_CD:SNU2013-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:0000002410ADJUST_YN:YEMP_ID:A002014DEPT_CD:458CITE_RATE:3.842FILENAME:11. (2013.07) highly selective and sensitive detection of.pdfDEPT_NM:화학생물공학부EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:YCONFIRM: