Brand Loyalty In The Cosmetics Industry: A Field Study On Turkish Womens Brand Loyalty Among Cosmetics Products

Cosmetics industry has a share of 135 billion dollars in the global market. The biggest multinational cosmetics companies in the world such as Avon, Procter and Gamble, Estee Lauder, Nivea, L’oreal are very much interested in the Turkish market. Turkey is a developing country in terms of cosmetics consumption and has a great potential with a population of 70 million. This study aims to determine whether turkish women have brand loyalty among skin-care products in the cosmetics sector. It is our hope that the results of this study will help foreign and domestic cosmetics companies, already existing in or planning to enter the Turkish market, in shaping their marketing strategies

Agricultural Credit Cooperatives in Turkey

Since ancient times, mankind has cooperated in jobs that they cannot perform individually, including agriculture, in order to lead a better life. In accordance with changing needs, cooperation between people and solidarity difference has evolved into a different dimension and has been directly influenced by social changes. Development of cooperative societies in the modern sense was born from this solidarity and developed further. Cooperatives are institutions that play important roles in social development based on mutual assistance and solidarity aiming at improving living conditions of individuals constituting the society. Agricultural cooperatives on the other hand, were established in order to meet financial needs of farmers and to support regional development under the umbrella of mutual assistance and solidarity. The purpose of this study is to examine the development stages of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives in Turkey, to analyze the organization of such cooperatives throughout Turkey, and provide solutions and suggestions by determining the problems these institutions face

Design of poly(HEMA) particles in supercritical carbon dioxide for protein delivery

A vast majority of the polymer nanocarriers have been designed and developed for the controlled and targeted release of hydrophobic drugs. However, there are still some challenges to design appropriate carriers for the delivery of therapeutic proteins or peptides. Although the history of the protein/peptide based drugs dates back to insulin production, they have taken great attention since the last decades due to their possible broad range of therapeutic applications. They might offer more specific and safer therapies in comparison to small molecules drugs. Nonetheless, their encapsulation remains challenging especially to preserve their specific structure and activity in the formulations. For this purpose, hydrogel particles (nano-/microgels) have emerged as promising polymer carriers for such proteins. This work focuses on the synthesis of nano-/microgels encapsulating therapeutic proteins and peptides in supercritical carbon dioxide which confers environmentally benign features to the synthesis method. More precisely, hydrogel particles were obtained by free-radical dispersion polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in supercritical carbon dioxide in presence of a cross-linker and a suitable stabiliser. Two kinds of stabilisers have been designed and studied, i.e. a photocleavable perfluorinated stabiliser and a fluorine-free stabiliser. The optimisation of the dispersion polymerisation conditions led to well-defined cross-linked particles. The process was robust enough to incorporate a drug or a peptide to encapsulate in one-pot synthesis into the particle network. In a subsequent step such drug loaded particles were dispersed successfully in aqueous media and shown sustained release of their content. This was demonstrated notably for the release of a bactericidal peptide

SOLAR OXIDATION OF PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS

İzmir'de bulunan bir petrokimya endüstrisi atıksuyunda organik madde giderimi üzerine ileri oksidasyon yöntemlerinden biri olan Fe(III)/TiO2/Solar-UV prosesinin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Verimi etkileyen önemli parametrelerden olan atıksu debisi, oksidant madde ve katalizör konsantrasyonunu optimize etmek için Box-Wilson deneysel tasarım yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Organik madde giderimi deney süresince gözlenmiştir. Maksimum TOK giderimi (% 49), 250mg/L TiO2 ve 0.5mM Fe(III) 50L/s debide 8 saat güneş ışığı oksidasyonu sonunda elde edilmiştir. As an advanced oxidation treatment, the Fe(III)/TiO2/Solar-UV process was applied to a petrochemical refinery wastewater in İzmir. The Box–Wilson experimental design method was employed to optimize the wastewater flowrate, oxidant and catalyst concentrations as significant factors for maximum organic matter removal. Organic matter removal was monitored throughout the operation period. The maximum reduction in the TOC concentration was 49% with the addition of 250mg/L TiO2 and 0.5mM Fe(III) at a 50L/h flowrate after 8 hours of exposure to solar irradiation

Mild synthesis of poly(HEMA)-networks as well-defined nanoparticles in supercritical carbon dioxide

Free-radical dispersion polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) in the presence of stabilisers based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) and poly(heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate) (PFDA). Different architectures of copolymers (random, palm-tree and diblock) were tested for their surface tension, cloud point and as a stabilising agent. The diblock architecture was found to be the best candidate resulting in poly(HEMA) spherical particles with a size of 316 nm. Furthermore, the effect of the CO2-phobic block (PEO) in the diblock architecture was investigated by using three different chain lengths (1000, 2000, 5000 g mol−1). By optimizing the stabiliser composition and structure, mild reaction conditions have been identified allowing us to obtain well-defined spherical cross-linked poly(HEMA) particles with a mean diameter of unprecedented low size (216 nm) at a temperature as low as 35 °C

Antimicrobial peptide encapsulation and sustained release from polymer network particles prepared in supercritical carbon dioxide

© 2018 Antimicrobial peptide loaded poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) particles were synthesized in supercritical carbon dioxide via one-pot free-radical dispersion polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and a cross-linker. Discrete particles with a well-defined spherical morphology and a diameter as low as 450 nm have been obtained in mild conditions. The encapsulation and release of the peptide were confirmed by antimicrobial tests that demonstrated for the first time a sustained release of the peptide from poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) microgels prepared by one-pot dispersion polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide and then dispersed in water