GREAT BUSTARD RESTOCKING IN EURASIA

Abstract The significant risk of biodiversity loss in Eurasia there is the habitat fragmentation of great bustard (otis tard

Aspirations of belonging. A study of Romanians in London and Paris.

Despite the salience of migrants’ everyday social lives, there remains a paucity of evidence on how individuals both racialise and are racialised. The purpose of the thesis was to explore how Romanian migrants’ senses of belonging towards the sending and receiving country are shaped by their social encounters in London or Paris. The qualitative comparative nature of the study sheds light on the relations and differences between these locations and on how the variations in migrants’ lived experiences reveal different senses of belonging. The original empirical data was collected during fieldwork in London and Paris between September 2013 and June 2014. It was generated through semi-structured qualitative interviews with a total of 64 participants as well as 12 informants in order to understand and interpret Romanians’ social worlds. The interpretation of the data contributes to an exploration of Romanians’ determinants of migration, as well as their experiences of inclusion and exclusion in the host societies. It is argued that Romanian respondents’ home aspirations are believed to be materialised through migration. However, understandings of ‘home’ through everyday lived experiences in London and Paris evolve to conceptualise ‘home’ as a fantasy. In the process, belonging is brought into question through perceptions of (non-) belonging as a result of social encounters with the mainstream. Consequently, another aspect explored is the processes through which Romanians hope to achieve mainstream inclusion. Using the analytic lens of critical whiteness studies, Romanians’ relational strategies are examined. These ‘whitening’ strategies aim at both socio-culturally elevating their own persona and at racially marginalising those perceived as ‘others’, in order for the participants to become ‘whitened’. Lastly, the thesis engages with participants’ institutional approaches deemed beneficial in Romanians’ journey to overcome their vulnerable status. It investigates interviewees’ reasons for (not) taking up the nationality of the host country and how their considerations of political belonging are validated or contested by the majority. The study identified that for the Romanians interviewed, the process of migration evolved from a quest for a personal home, to a quest for belonging

Le rôle régulateur des cytokines dans le neurodéveloppement et le comportement au début de la période postnatale : Étude de l'impact du TNF sur le comportement de la souris au début de la période postnatale et une nouvelle approche d'analyse de données appliquée au modèle murin de l'autisme basée sur l'activation de l’immunité maternelle

Both preclinical and clinical studies have shown that immune activation and inflammation during the early stages of neurodevelopment increase the risk of neurodevelopment disorders and behaviour abnormalities in adults. While the underlying mechanisms have only been partially elucidated, experiments in the maternal immune activation mouse model (MIA) – in which pregnant dams are injected with the viral mimic poly(I:C) – have demonstrated the critical role of two cytokines: interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A. However, the vast majority of the studies performed to date have used behavioural tests in adult mice as a read out to study the impact of cytokines on neurodevelopment. Therefore, it is not clear whether altered levels of other cytokines during the perinatal period could impact neurodevelopment and behaviour in infant mice. To address this issue, we have analysed the progeny of several cohorts of poly(I:C)- and saline-injected mothers for behaviour between postnatal day 5 (P5) and P15 and serum cytokine levels at P15. Because both perinatal neurodevelopment and cytokine production are known or believed to be impacted by many environmental variables, we analysed our data using a multivariable statistical model to identify features associated with being born to a poly(I:C)-injected mother (as opposed to being born to a saline-injected mother). We found that the drop of body weight and temperature of the mother after poly(I:C) injection, the litter size, the pup weight at P15, the number of ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) emitted by the pup at P6, the distance travelled by the pup and the time it spent mobile at P13, as well as serum levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), IL-5, IL-15 and C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)10 were all associated with altered odds of being born to a poly(I:C)-injected mother. To further explore the role of TNF during the early postnatal period, we injected mouse pups daily from P1 to P5 and assessed these animals for both developmental milestones and behaviour from P8 to P15. Unexpectedly, injection of recombinant TNF did not have a detrimental impact on neurodevelopment but rather promoted sensorimotor reflexes acquisition and exploratory behaviour. Altogether, our results confirm that cytokines play a critical role during neurodevelopment and that altered levels of specific cytokines, and in particular TNF, could regulate the acquisition of developmental milestones and behaviour in infant mice. While we have only obtained preliminary insights into underlying mechanisms, the protocols that we have developed provide a framework for further studies.Plusieurs études ont montré que l’activation du système immunitaire maternel (MIA) pendant la grossesse augmentait le risque de troubles neurologiques et d’anomalies du comportement dans la descendance. Afin d’étudier les mécanismes impliqués, plusieurs auteurs ont comparé le comportement de souris nées de mères injectées pendant la grossesse avec du poly(I:C), une molécule mimant une infection par le virus de la grippe, et celui de souris nées de mères injectées avec une solution saline. Bien que ces études aient permis de confirmer que l’activation du système immunitaire maternel pouvait induire des troubles du comportement, la majorité d’entre elles se sont fondées sur des tests comportementaux effectués chez la souris adulte. Ainsi, il reste à déterminer si la modification des niveaux d’autres cytokines pendant la période périnatale peut avoir une incidence sur le neurodéveloppement précoce et sur le comportement de la jeune souris. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons caractérisé la descendance de plusieurs cohortes de mères injectées avec du poly(I:C) ou avec une solution saline, pour leur comportement entre 5 et 15 jours après la naissance et pour la concentration de plusieurs cytokines dans le sérum. Parce que le neurodéveloppement et la production de cytokines sont affectés par plusieurs variables, nous avons utilisé une analyse multivariée pour identifier les variables environnementales et biologiques associées au fait d’être le descendant d’une mère injectée avec du poly(I :C) (par opposition au fait d’être le descendant d’une mère injectée avec une solution saline). Nous avons constaté que la diminution du poids et de la température corporelle de la mère après injection de poly(I:C), la taille de la portée, le poids de la souris à 15 jours, le nombre de vocalisations ultrasonores (USV) émises par la souris à 6 jours, la distance parcourue par le souris et le temps passé immobile à 13 jours, ainsi que les concentrations sériques de TNF, IL-5, IL-15 et CXCL10 à 15 jours étaient associés au fait d’être le descendant d’une mère injectée avec du poly(I :C). Pour continuer à explorer le rôle régulateur du TNF, nous avons injecté quotidiennement du TNF recombinant à des souris nouveau-nées entre le jour 1 et le jour 5 après leur naissance, et nous avons étudié leur développement et leur comportement entre le jour 8 et le jour 15. Contrairement à nos attentes, l’injection de TNF à des souris nouveau-nées n’a pas d’impact négatif sur le développement, mais favorise plutôt l’acquisition de réflexes sensorimoteurs et le comportement exploratoire. Pris dans leur l’ensemble, nos résultats confirment que les cytokines jouent un rôle crucial dans le neurodéveloppement et que des variations dans l’abondance de certaines d’entre elles, et notamment du TNF, ont un impact sur l’acquisition de certains réflexes et comportement pendant les premiers jours de la vie. Bien que nos études ne nous aient pas permis d’explorer les mécanismes par lesquels cytokines influent sur le neurodéveloppement, les protocoles que nous avons élaborés et les résultats que nous avons obtenus fournissent un cadre pour d’autres études visant à mieux comprendre ces mécanismes

The regulatory role of cytokines on neurodevelopment and behaviour during the early postnatal period : An investigation on the impact of TNF on mouse behaviour in the early postnatal period and a novel approach of data analysis applied to the immune activation mouse model of autism

Plusieurs études ont montré que l’activation du système immunitaire maternel (MIA) pendant la grossesse augmentait le risque de troubles neurologiques et d’anomalies du comportement dans la descendance. Afin d’étudier les mécanismes impliqués, plusieurs auteurs ont comparé le comportement de souris nées de mères injectées pendant la grossesse avec du poly(I:C), une molécule mimant une infection par le virus de la grippe, et celui de souris nées de mères injectées avec une solution saline. Bien que ces études aient permis de confirmer que l’activation du système immunitaire maternel pouvait induire des troubles du comportement, la majorité d’entre elles se sont fondées sur des tests comportementaux effectués chez la souris adulte. Ainsi, il reste à déterminer si la modification des niveaux d’autres cytokines pendant la période périnatale peut avoir une incidence sur le neurodéveloppement précoce et sur le comportement de la jeune souris. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons caractérisé la descendance de plusieurs cohortes de mères injectées avec du poly(I:C) ou avec une solution saline, pour leur comportement entre 5 et 15 jours après la naissance et pour la concentration de plusieurs cytokines dans le sérum. Parce que le neurodéveloppement et la production de cytokines sont affectés par plusieurs variables, nous avons utilisé une analyse multivariée pour identifier les variables environnementales et biologiques associées au fait d’être le descendant d’une mère injectée avec du poly(I :C) (par opposition au fait d’être le descendant d’une mère injectée avec une solution saline). Nous avons constaté que la diminution du poids et de la température corporelle de la mère après injection de poly(I:C), la taille de la portée, le poids de la souris à 15 jours, le nombre de vocalisations ultrasonores (USV) émises par la souris à 6 jours, la distance parcourue par le souris et le temps passé immobile à 13 jours, ainsi que les concentrations sériques de TNF, IL-5, IL-15 et CXCL10 à 15 jours étaient associés au fait d’être le descendant d’une mère injectée avec du poly(I :C). Pour continuer à explorer le rôle régulateur du TNF, nous avons injecté quotidiennement du TNF recombinant à des souris nouveau-nées entre le jour 1 et le jour 5 après leur naissance, et nous avons étudié leur développement et leur comportement entre le jour 8 et le jour 15. Contrairement à nos attentes, l’injection de TNF à des souris nouveau-nées n’a pas d’impact négatif sur le développement, mais favorise plutôt l’acquisition de réflexes sensorimoteurs et le comportement exploratoire. Pris dans leur l’ensemble, nos résultats confirment que les cytokines jouent un rôle crucial dans le neurodéveloppement et que des variations dans l’abondance de certaines d’entre elles, et notamment du TNF, ont un impact sur l’acquisition de certains réflexes et comportement pendant les premiers jours de la vie. Bien que nos études ne nous aient pas permis d’explorer les mécanismes par lesquels cytokines influent sur le neurodéveloppement, les protocoles que nous avons élaborés et les résultats que nous avons obtenus fournissent un cadre pour d’autres études visant à mieux comprendre ces mécanismes.Both preclinical and clinical studies have shown that immune activation and inflammation during the early stages of neurodevelopment increase the risk of neurodevelopment disorders and behaviour abnormalities in adults. While the underlying mechanisms have only been partially elucidated, experiments in the maternal immune activation mouse model (MIA) – in which pregnant dams are injected with the viral mimic poly(I:C) – have demonstrated the critical role of two cytokines: interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A. However, the vast majority of the studies performed to date have used behavioural tests in adult mice as a read out to study the impact of cytokines on neurodevelopment. Therefore, it is not clear whether altered levels of other cytokines during the perinatal period could impact neurodevelopment and behaviour in infant mice. To address this issue, we have analysed the progeny of several cohorts of poly(I:C)- and saline-injected mothers for behaviour between postnatal day 5 (P5) and P15 and serum cytokine levels at P15. Because both perinatal neurodevelopment and cytokine production are known or believed to be impacted by many environmental variables, we analysed our data using a multivariable statistical model to identify features associated with being born to a poly(I:C)-injected mother (as opposed to being born to a saline-injected mother). We found that the drop of body weight and temperature of the mother after poly(I:C) injection, the litter size, the pup weight at P15, the number of ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) emitted by the pup at P6, the distance travelled by the pup and the time it spent mobile at P13, as well as serum levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), IL-5, IL-15 and C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)10 were all associated with altered odds of being born to a poly(I:C)-injected mother. To further explore the role of TNF during the early postnatal period, we injected mouse pups daily from P1 to P5 and assessed these animals for both developmental milestones and behaviour from P8 to P15. Unexpectedly, injection of recombinant TNF did not have a detrimental impact on neurodevelopment but rather promoted sensorimotor reflexes acquisition and exploratory behaviour. Altogether, our results confirm that cytokines play a critical role during neurodevelopment and that altered levels of specific cytokines, and in particular TNF, could regulate the acquisition of developmental milestones and behaviour in infant mice. While we have only obtained preliminary insights into underlying mechanisms, the protocols that we have developed provide a framework for further studies

Headspace solid-phase microextraction of analytes important to biofuels

Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable, clean burning fuel, produced from vegetable oils and animal fat. It is a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters, products that result from the catalytic transesterification of lipids. The first part of this research describes the development of a new and direct method used to rapidly and quantitatively determine the amount of free methanol in biodiesel samples. The analytical method developed is different from the current standards for methanol determination, and it is the first headspace-SPME method used to extract methanol from biodiesel as matrix. The second part of this research describes the direct analysis of acetic acid and 2uraldehyde in an aqueous mixture using headspace SPME. The direct and accurate determination and quantitation of these two analytes is very important, as they can be inhibitors or food sources for microorganisms capable of producing lipids or ethanol

Cytokine changes associated with the maternal immune activation (MIA) model of autism: A penalized regression approach.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy induces a cytokine storm that alters neurodevelopment and behavior in the progeny. In humans, MIA increases the odds of developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In mice, MIA can be induced by injecting the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) to pregnant dams. Although the murine model of MIA has been extensively studied, it is not clear whether MIA results in cytokine changes in the progeny at early postnatal stages. Further, the murine model of MIA suffers from a lack of reproducibility and high inter-individual variability. Multivariable (MV) statistical analysis is widely used in human studies to control for confounders and covariates such as sex, age and exposure to environmental factors. We therefore reasoned that animal studies in general and studies on the MIA model in particular could benefit from MV analyses to account for complex phenotype interactions and high inter-individual variability. Here, we used MV statistical analysis to identify cytokines associated with MIA after adjustment for covariates. Besides confirming the association between previously described variables and MIA, we identified new cytokines that could play a role in behavioural alterations in the progeny during the early postnatal period

Early Life Exposure to Tumor Necrosis Factor Induces Precocious Sensorimotor Reflexes Acquisition and Increases Locomotor Activity During Mouse Postnatal Development

International audienceInflammation appears as a cardinal mediator of the deleterious effect of early life stress exposure on neurodevelopment. More generally, immune activation during the perinatal period, and most importantly elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels could contribute to psychopathology and neurological deficits later in life. Cytokines are also required for normal brain function in homeostatic conditions and play a role in neurodevelopmental processes. Despite these latter studies, whether pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) impact neurodevelopmental trajectories and behavior during the immediate postnatal period remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, we have injected mouse pups daily with recombinant TNF from postnatal day (P)1 to P5. This yielded a robust increase in peripheral and central TNF at P5, and also an increase of additional pro-inflammatory cytokines. Compared to control pups injected with saline, mice injected with TNF acquired the righting and the acoustic startle reflexes more rapidly and exhibited increased locomotor activity 2 weeks after birth. Our results extend previous work restricted to adult behaviors and support the notion that cytokines, and notably TNF, modulate early neurodevelopmental trajectories