Primitive divisors of Lucas and Lehmer sequences

Stewart reduced the problem of determining all Lucas and Lehmer sequences whose $n$-th element does not have a primitive divisor to solving certain Thue equations. Using the method of Tzanakis and de Weger for solving Thue equations, we determine such sequences for $n \leq 30$. Further computations lead us to conjecture that, for $n > 30$, the $n$-th element of such sequences always has a primitive divisor

CROATIAN FISHERY – HARMONIZATION OF REGULATIONS AND HOW TO ACCESS EU?

Problems in Croatian fishery that impacts on low competitiveness were well known even before harmonization process start. EU accession process put even addition emphasis on the mentioned problem. In fact, increasing competitiveness from equal situation for market participants is one of the basic functions of the EU regulation harmonization in the accession process. It is highly integrated market environment and extremely demanding due to high level of European market norms. Legal basis of the process, and at the same time criteria for Croatian legalization assessment, have been determined during screening phase - chapter 13 - fishery. Beside harmonization, changes are necessary in physical characteristics and spatial relationships, primary assuring area for fish discharge on the part of the front. It increases fishermen security, manipulation with a fish is easier, risk of contamination is low, control and compliances with the fish trade standards according to the EU standards and regulations are enabled. The paper aims to analyze national documents and acquis in fish trade (Common Market Organisation; Common Fishery Policy) and determine needs for harmonization between Croatian and EU laws and introduction of the CMO measures. The paper indicates necessary activities in harmonization of regulations and proposed institutional and administrative changes. Due to absence of regulation, changes in Croatian fishery sector will not be conducted properly and consequently it won’t have equal chances on the EU market. Therefore this subject needs to be included in governmental priorities with the objective to assure legal basis for adequate infrastructure and suprastructure. The results presented are a part of the research conducted during authors’ work on the Fishery infrastructure in accordance with EU acquis feasibility study

LIVESTOCK INSURANCE AS A RISK MANAGEMENT TOOL ON DAIRY FARMS

Faced with fast changing environment, livestock epidemics and EU accession, risk management is of utmost importance for Croatian farmers. Insurance is risk management strategy which enables risk transfer from farmer to insurance company. It has a positive effect on income stabilization and consequently could lead to higher level of specialization, credit access and competitiveness. Nevertheless, livestock insurance is relatively unimportant on dairy farms. Reasons are twofold. Uncompleted requirements for risk to be insurable, adverse selection and moral hazard problems reflect on untoward premium rates. Demand for insurance, on the other hand, depends on the farm structure, access to other risk management instruments as well as dairy farmer’s management capacities. The objective of the paper is to analyze risk management on dairy farms with focus on livestock insurance. Survey on 20 farmers in the Northwest Croatia has been made. Farmers’ risk perceptions, application and evaluation of risk management strategies were collected. Governmental insurance premium subsidy was also analyzed. Survey data were analysed by descriptive statistics while decision analysis toward livestock insurance with stohastic decision tree. European Union experiences with livestock insurance presented stand in creating suggestions for possible setting out of current constraints of livestock insurance in Croatia

Bouturage de Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl.: Influence du substrat, de la longueur et de la surface foliaire sur l’enracinement de boutures à Kisangani, RD Congo

Objectifs: Le colatier est arbre fruitier d’importance capital en RD Congo en général et à Kisangani en particulier. Les personnes impliquées dans sa filière (producteurs, commerçants) se procurent des revenus non négligeables. Les noix de kola, appréciées dans le milieu, sont pour la plupart tirées des arbres dans la forêt qui pour l’ensemble est menacée par les activités anthropiques. Il serait donc souhaitable de préserver cette espèce dans le milieu par la domestication. Pour cette fin, cette étude vise la multiplication de C. acuminata par bouturage.Méthodologie et résultats: Les facteurs type des substrats, surface foliaire, longueur de la tige des boutures et l’emploi d’auxine Acide Indole Butyrique (AIB) ont été expérimentés. Les substrats utilisés sont le sable de rivière, la sciure de bois, les balles de riz ainsi que leurs combinaisons deux à deux. Les surfaces foliaires 25 et 37,5cm² et les longueurs de tiges 3 ; 5 et 7cm ont été mis en comparaison. Deux essais ont été conduits, le premier testant les types de substrats dans un dispositif monofactoriel en blocs complets randomisés, les autres facteurs conduits, au second essai, dans un dispositif tri-factoriel, split plot. Le substrat sable a permis d’avoir plus de boutures enracinées (81,11±11,67%). Les combinaisons longueurs de tiges de boutures 7cm avec surface foliaire 37,5cm²-auxine AIB et surface foliaire 25cm²-sans auxine AIB sont meilleures, soit 70% des boutures enracinées.Conclusion et application de résultats: L’espèce C. acuminata s’accommode bien à la technique de multiplication végétative par bouturage. On a atteint jusqu’à 81% de boutures qui se sont enracinées. Le facteur type de substrat influence considérablement le taux d’enracinement. Les autres facteurs n’ont pas influencé significativement ce paramètre. Les boutures s’étant enracinées, les travaux ultérieurs devraient se focaliser sur les suivis in situ de la croissance et du développement des boutures enracinées. Par cette technique, il est possible d’obtenir suffisamment des plantules, à mettre à la disposition des producteurs, en vue de la domestication de Cola acuminata.Mots clés: Bouturage, enracinement, Cola acuminata, substrats, longueur des tiges, surface foliaireEnglish Title: Cutting of Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl. : Influence of substrate, length and leaf area on the rooting of cuttings in Kisangani, DR CongoEnglish AbstractObjectives: The Cola is fruit tree of capital importance in The Democratic Republic of Congo in general and in Kisangani in particular. The people involved in its sector (producers, traders) earn a significant income. The kola nuts, appreciated in the country, are mostly taken from the trees in the forest which are currently threatened by the anthropic activities. It would therefore be desirable to preserve this species in the environment by domestication. For this purpose, this study aims at the multiplication of C. acuminata by cuttings.Methodology and results: Substrate type factors, leaf area, stem length of cuttings and the Idol Butyric Acid (IBA) auxin were experimented. The substrates used are river sand, sawdust, rice husks and their combinations in pairs. The leaf surfaces 25 and 37.5cm² and the stems lengths 3; 5 and 7 cm were compared. Two tests were carried out, the first testing the substrates types in a monofactorial device in randomized complete block, the other factors conducted, in the second trial, in a tri-factorial device, split plot. The sand substrate allowed more of cuttings rooted (81.11 ± 11.67%). The combinations lengths of cuttings 7cm with leaf area 37,5cm²- AIB auxin and leaf area 25cm²-without AIB auxin are better, 70% of rooted cuttings.Conclusion and application of results: The species C. acuminata adapts well to the technique of vegetative propagation by cuttings. Up to 81% of cuttings were rooted. The substrate type factor greatly affects the rooting rate. The other factors did not significantly influence this parameter. Since the cuttings were rooted, subsequent work should focus on in situ monitoring of the growth and development of rooted cuttings. By this technique, it is possible to obtain sufficient seedlings, to be made available to producers, for the domestication of Cola acuminata.Keywords: Cutting, rooting, Cola acuminata, substrates, stem length, leaf are

Eliciting Intelligence With the Scharff Technique:Interviewing More and Less Cooperative and Capable Sources

The objective was to compare the efficacy of the Scharff technique (conceptualized as 5 tactics) with the direct approach (open and direct questions) as a means of eliciting intelligence from human sources. The interview techniques were used with 4 different types of sources varying in their levels of both cooperation and capability to provide information as follows: (a) less willing/less able, (b) less willing/ more able, (c) more willing/less able, and (d) more willing/more able. The sources (N ﰁ 200) were given information about a notional planned terrorist attack and instructed to strike a balance between not revealing too much or too little information in a subsequent interview. Overall, the Scharff technique resulted in significantly more new information than the direct approach, particularly for the less cooperative sources. Furthermore, sources interviewed with the Scharff technique had a more difficult time reading the interviewer’s information objectives and consistently underestimated how much new information they revealed. The study substantiates the Scharff technique as an effective human- intelligence gathering tool

CROATIAN FISHERY – HARMONIZATION OF REGULATIONS AND HOW TO ACCESS EU?

Problems in Croatian fishery that impacts on low competitiveness were well known even before harmonization process start. EU accession process put even addition emphasis on the mentioned problem. In fact, increasing competitiveness from equal situation for market participants is one of the basic functions of the EU regulation harmonization in the accession process. It is highly integrated market environment and extremely demanding due to high level of European market norms. Legal basis of the process, and at the same time criteria for Croatian legalization assessment, have been determined during screening phase - chapter 13 - fishery. Beside harmonization, changes are necessary in physical characteristics and spatial relationships, primary assuring area for fish discharge on the part of the front. It increases fishermen security, manipulation with a fish is easier, risk of contamination is low, control and compliances with the fish trade standards according to the EU standards and regulations are enabled. The paper aims to analyze national documents and acquis in fish trade (Common Market Organisation; Common Fishery Policy) and determine needs for harmonization between Croatian and EU laws and introduction of the CMO measures. The paper indicates necessary activities in harmonization of regulations and proposed institutional and administrative changes. Due to absence of regulation, changes in Croatian fishery sector will not be conducted properly and consequently it won’t have equal chances on the EU market. Therefore this subject needs to be included in governmental priorities with the objective to assure legal basis for adequate infrastructure and suprastructure. The results presented are a part of the research conducted during authors’ work on the Fishery infrastructure in accordance with EU acquis feasibility study

Immunotherapy With the SQ Tree SLIT-tablet in Adults and Adolescents With Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis

Purpose: The SQ tree sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)-tablet containing allergen extracts with the major allergen Bet v 1 from birch pollen is currently being developed for the treatment of tree pollen induced allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis with or without asthma. The aim of this Phase II trial was to investigate the dose-related efficacy and safety of the SQ tree SLIT-tablet. Methods: This study was a randomized, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-national trial conducted in Europe. A total of 637 participants were randomized equally to receive placebo or treatment with the SQ tree SLIT-tablet in doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 7, or 12 development units (DU). Treatment was initiated 16 weeks before onset of the 2013 birch pollen season (BPS) and was continued throughout the BPS with a total duration of at least 6 months. During the BPS and tree pollen season (TPS), subjects assessed rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms and medication use on a daily basis in an electronic diary; weekly assessments of rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life were also made. Findings: Analysis of the average daily symptom score during the BPS and the TPS showed that the difference between active treatment and placebo was statistically significant for the 7 DU group (BPS, P = 0.02; TPS, P = 0.03), with no clear dose response relationship. All doses of the SQ tree SLIT-tablet induced changes from baseline in birch-specific IgE and IgG(4) that were statistically significant compared with placebo at all time points assessed (P = 95%) being mild or moderate in severity. The most frequently reported treatment related adverse events were generally related to the sublingual administration of the tablet (ie, they occurred in the oral cavity). (C) 2018 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe