417 research outputs found
Normative Bestrebungen im Altungarischen im Spiegel der beigeordneten Konstruktionen
Von einer aus dem Geflecht der Mundarten durch deren Angleichung aneinander entstehenden und sich über sie erhebenden Sprachvariante kann in dieser Zeit im Ungarischen noch nicht gesprochen werden. Vorliegende Studie stellt aufgrund neuerarbeiteten Materials der Kodexliteratur (Übersetzungsliteratur) aus dem Bereich der beigeordneten Konstruktionen – im Spiegel des Vergleichs mit den lateinischen Textvorlagen – innerhalb eines synchronen Segments die Anfangsschritte der Herausbildung und Entwicklung einer sprachlichen Norm dar. Sie versucht, im Sprachgebrauch der damaligen Zeit die historischen Bewegungen nachzuvollziehen, wobei auch auf die Gründe für die Veränderungen hingewiesen wird
Mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by immunisation of cotton rats with recombinant adenoviruses
Replication-defective and replication-competent recombinant human adenovirus type 5 vectors efficiently expressed the glycoprotein D (gD) or the transmembrane anchor truncated gD (tgD) of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) in vitro. To facilitate the evaluation of the efficacy of immunisation with these recombinant adenoviruses in conferring protection against BHV-1 infection, a cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model for intranasal BHV-1 challenge was developed. I used this model to assess the ability of different routes of immunisation with the recombinant adenoviruses to elicit gD-specific systemic and mucosal immunity and confer protection against BHV-1 challenge. Immunisation with gD-expressing vectors induced better immunity and protection than immunisation with tgD-expressing viruses. Mucosal immunisation with the replication-competent virus was more efficient than that with the replication-defective vector in inducing gD-specific antibody in the serum and the respiratory tract. In contrast, systemic immunisation with the two vectors stimulated similar gD-specific antibody levels. These results indicate that the route of immunisation was crucial when assessing the efficacy of recombinant adenoviruses as vaccine vectors. The importance of the route of administration was further demonstrated by the finding that intranasal immunisation with the replication-competent vector stimulated higher antigen-specific IgA levels and antibody-secreting cell numbers in the respiratory tract than intradermal, intraperitoneal or enteric immunisation. Protection correlated with gD-specific antibody levels such that intranasal immunisation, even 3 months following vaccination, conferred complete, while intradermal or enteric immunisation conferred partial protection of the lungs of cotton rats against intranasal BHV-1 challenge. Pre-existing active adenovirus-specific immunity significantly inhibited the development of gD-specific antibody responses and protection against BHV-1 challenge following immunisation with recombinant adenovirus, while only a slight inhibition was observed by passive transfer of adenovirus-specific antibody. Overall, the results demonstrated that mucosal and systemic immunisation with adenovirus vectors could induce antigen-specific immunity and protection against BHV-1 challenge. The level of gD-specific immune responses and protection from challenge were, however, dependent on the cellular localisation of the foreign gene expressed by the vectors, the replication-capability of the viruses, the route of immunisation and the presence or absence of pre-existing adenovirus-specific immunity in the cotton rat
Investigation of effects of two environmental heavy metals in a combined exposure model on the nervous system in rats
In the present study, the interaction of inhalational and oral exposure to manganese and lead was investigated. Young adult male Wistar rats
(2 x 10 per group) were treated orally with MnCl2 (15 and 60 mg/kg b.w.) or Pb acetate (80 and 320 mg/kg) for 3 or 6 weeks. Then, one
half of the groups was further treated by intratracheal instillation of nanoparticulate MnO2 (2.63 mg/kg) or PbO (2 mg/kg) for an equal
period of time. Body weight gain and signs of general toxicity were regularly checked. Finally, the rats’ motor behavior was tested in an
open field box, and their spontaneous and evoked cortical electrical activity was recorded in urethane anesthesia. MnO2 nanoparticles
caused disproportionately strong reduction of body weight gain but with Pb the weight effect was more dependent on dose. In the open field
test, Mn caused hypomotility, more strongly after 6 weeks oral plus 6 weeks intratracheal than after 6 weeks oral treatment. Pb-treated rats
showed increased ambulation but less rearing and somewhat longer local activity. Spontaneous cortical activity was shifted to higher
frequencies after oral Mn application, but this change was not intensified by subsequent nanoparticle application. Oral Pb had an opposite
effect. Cortical evoked potentials showed latency lengthening. In several cases, the effect of Mn and Pb was about as strong after 3 weeks
oral plus 3 weeks intratracheal as after 6 weeks oral administration, although the summed dose was ca. two times lower in the former case.
There can be a more-than-additive interaction between the amounts of heavy metals entering the organism in different routes and chemical
forms
A hepatocellularis carcinoma előfordulása és kezelésének tanulságai az északkelet-magyarországi régióban | Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequent lessons for its management in Northeastern Hungary
Absztrakt
Bevezetés: A hepatocellularis carcinoma gyakori, nehezen
kezelhető daganat. Célkitűzés: A szerzők áttekintették a
májsejtrákkal kapcsolatos ismereteket és értékelték a kezelési eredményeket az
északkelet-magyarországi régióban. Módszer: A szerzők
intézményében 5 év alatt májsejtrák diagnózissal kezelt betegek adatait
retrospektĂv mĂłdon elemeztĂ©k. EredmĂ©nyek: Ismert májcirrhosisa
187 beteg közül 71-nek (38%) volt, 52 betegnél (28%) a májcirrhosisra a daganat
felismerĂ©sekor derĂĽlt fĂ©ny. Nem volt májzsugora 15 betegnek (8%), mĂg erre
vonatkozóan 49 betegnél (26%) nem találtak adatot. Etiológiai faktorok az
alkoholfogyasztás (52%), a vĂrushepatitis (41%) Ă©s a metabolikus szindrĂłma
(valĂłszĂnűleg nem alkoholos zsĂrmáj) (44%) voltak. Cirrhosis nĂ©lkĂĽl kialakult
májsejtrák hátterĂ©ben leggyakrabban nem alkoholos zsĂrmáj állt. A daganat
felismerése 83%-ban előrehaladott stádiumban történt. A túlélést a Barcelona
stádium (A vs. B/C vs. D stádium: 829 vs. 387 vs. 137 nap, p<0,001)
jelentĹ‘sen befolyásolta, az etiolĂłgia nem (vĂrus 282, metabolikus szindrĂłma 335
és alkohol 423 nap, p = 0,65). Következtetések: A
hepatocellularis carcinoma rossz kimenetelének oka a késői felismerés. A
májzsugoros betegek szűrése mellett a májcirrhosis korábbi felismerése
szükséges. A metabolikus szindrómások ultrahangos szűrése megfontolandó. A
krónikus májbetegség terápiája a túlélést lényegesen befolyásolja. Orv. Hetil.,
2016, 157(45), 1793–1801.
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Abstract
Introduction: The increasing incidence and poor prognosis of
hepatocellular carcinoma places huge burden on healthcare. Aim:
After reviewing literature on epidemiological trends, risk factors, diagnosis
and management options for hepatocellular carcinoma, the authors investigated
results of treatment and survival data of patients in Northeastern Hungary.
Method: In a retrospective study, the authors analyzed
medical records of 187 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (etiology,
presence of cirrhosis, stage of the tumor, treatment and disease outcome).
Results: Seventy-one patients (38%) had known cirrhosis at
the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, while in 52 patients (28%) the
presence of cirrhosis was established at the time of the diagnosis of
hepatocellular carcinoma. Fifteen patients (8%) had no cirrhosis and in 49
patients (26%) no data were available regarding cirrhosis. Etiological factors
were alcohol consumption (52%), viral hepatitis (41%) and metabolic syndrome
(44%). In cases of metabolic syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma frequently
occurred without cirrhosis. In 83% of the cases, the tumor was discovered in an
advanced stage. Median survival time was significantly associated with tumor
stage (Barcelona A stage vs. B/C vs. D: 829 vs. 387 vs. 137 days, respectively
p<0.001) but not with disease etiology (virus 282 days, metabolic syndrome
335 days and alcohol 423 days, p = 0.65). Conclusions: High
mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma was mainly attributed to the delayed
diagnosis of the disease. Screening of patients with cirrhosis could only result
in a partial improvement since in a great proportion cirrhosis was diagnosed
simultaneously with the tumor. Screening of diabetic and obese patients by
ultrasonography should be considered. Management of baseline liver disease is of
importance in the care of hepatocellular carcinoma. Orv. Hetil., 2016,
157(45), 1793–1801
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