Le regole del doppiaggio ideale

Il 97 per cento dei prodotti audiovisivi è di nazionalità straniera, il doppiaggio è una voce importante della post-produzione; quindi, inevitabilmente, il costo del minore introito pubblicitario peserà sensibilmente sul doppiaggio, proprio in un momento in cui sarebbe necessario impegnarsi per la rinascita di un settore essenziale a una corretta e quanto più possibile pluralistica circolazione culturale. Il fenomeno di decomposizione sta già avanzando, infatti il costo di un'ora doppiata è sceso dai 15 milioni del 1989 ai 6-8 di oggi, con punte, si dice, ancora più basse. Tutto questo è insopportabile per i professionisti che operano in questo ambito, ma è altrettanto insopportabile per chi – doppiatore o traduttore – cerca di avvicinarsi a questi mestieri, e che avrebbe invece il diritto di essere ben formato per poter accedere a professioni che avrebbero bisogno di nuove forze, se non altro per una questione di ricambio generazionale. Lo scadimento del settore non è semplicemente un problema "sindacale", di categoria, ma ha gravissime ripercussioni sia sul livello artistico delle opere in circolazione – è un problema, quindi, che tocca gli interessi degli autori originari – sia sull'utenza

Autori nella rete. Come l’accesso libero alle opere dell’ingegno in rete rischia di trasformarsi nella fine della libertà della cultura

The combination of the interests of telephone network owners and the naivety of network fans has turned the concept of “open access”, which began life with quite a different purpose, into a worldwide assault on authors’ rights. Actually, behind the façade of noble ideas, such as cultural freedom, an economic conflict is being waged for the possession of saleable contents – misleadingly offered as gifts – for consumers, so as to keep them in the network. It is only by making sure that an author can receive earnings from the circulation of his/her works that his/her independence can be protected, together with the survival of freedom of thought

Placental Expression of CD100, CD72 and CD45 Is Dysregulated in Human Miscarriage

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The etiology of miscarriage is often multifactorial. One major cause, immunological rejection of the fetus, has not been clearly elucidated. Our aim was to establish whether the semaphorin CD100, its natural receptor CD72, and the glycoprotein CD45, implicated in immune mechanisms, are involved in pregnancy loss by examining their placental expression with real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting techniques. PATIENTS: Placenta tissue from 72 Caucasian women undergoing surgical uterine evacuation due to early spontaneous pregnancy loss between the 8(th) and 12(th) week of gestation was divided into four groups based on miscarriage number. Gestational age-matched placentas from 18 healthy women without a history of miscarriage undergoing voluntary pregnancy termination were the control group. Placenta from 6 Caesarean deliveries performed at 38-40 weeks of gestation was also studied. RESULTS: CD100, CD72 and CD45 were expressed in placenta and exhibited different mRNA and protein levels in normal pregnancy and miscarriage. In particular, protein levels were highly dysregulated around 10 weeks of gestation in first and second miscarriage placentas. The CD100 soluble form was produced and immediately shed from placental tissue in all samples. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal CD100, CD72 and CD45 seem to play a role in miscarriage. The present data support the involvement of the fetal immune system in pregnancy maintenance as well as failure

Analysis of tight junctions in placentas affected by chorioamnionitis: in vivo and in vitro analysis

The human placenta and fetal membranes provide a barrier regulating the transfer of materials between the mother and the developing fetus throughout gestation. Chorioamnionitis is an important risk factor for preterm delivery that is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality. Chorioamnionitis is the term applied to infections of the placenta and membranes resulting in high concentrations of IL- 1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-beta in the amniotic fluid (D’Alquen et al., 2005). With progression of inflammation, immune cells penetrate blood vessels and infiltrate the umbilical cord, resulting in funisitis (Romero and Mazor, 1988). In normal conditions the two important physical entities in endothelial/epithelial paracellular clefts are adherens junctions and tight junctions. Tight junction governs the paracellular movement of water, solutes and immune cells, through the intercellular space creating a boundary between the apical and basolateral sides of cellular barriers (Gruenheid and Finlay, 2003). We have evaluated the localization of tight junctions studying the Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Occludin expressions as well as the localization of adherent junctions, testing the expression of VE-cadherin and beta-catenin in placentas from normal gestations, from preterm idiopathic deliveries and from chorioamnionitis by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we have evaluated the mRNAs by real time PCR, the protein levels of these molecules by Western blot analysis in placental tissues, and to better clarify the action of some cytokines on occludin we performed in vitro analysis of HUVEC cultures. Our more striking result is the decrease of occludin expression in placentas from chorioamnionitis and an evident action of the cytokines on this molecule

HtrA1 in differentiation and growth of human placental tissues

HtrA1 is a secreted multidomain protein with serine protease activity. We used immunohistochemistry, western blotting, real time PCR and ELISA techniques to analyse the role of HtrA1 in normal and pathological development of human placental villous trees. In addition, we evaluated the alterations of maternal plasma HtrA1 level in preeclampsia (PE) complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). HtrA1 is expressed in the mesenchymal villi which are considered the basis of growth and differentiation of the villous trees and in the villous stroma directly opposed to cell islands and cell columns in first trimester placentas. In addition, the villous trophoblast, the syncytial knots and the foetal vessels are stained for HtrA1 in first as well as third trimester placentas [1]. When the placenta escapes the normal differentiation and growth control mechanisms, which are present during normal pregnancy, it may develop gestational diseases, such as trophoblastic disease as well as PE and IUGR [1,2]. The most striking finding of our investigation is the decrease of this protease in placental tissues with increasing severity of gestational diseases and the increase of HtrA1 in maternal plasma of PE complicated by IUGR [3]. Based on these data HtrA1 could be considered as a possible marker of an occurring IUGR in preeclamptic women

Possible role of placental CD100, CD72 and CD45 molecules in human miscarriage

The precise mechanism for recurrent miscarriage is unclear. A lot of metabolic alterations are involved in the missed intercommunication between mother and its foetus, causing their reciprocal intolerance. The identification of new molecules involved in pregnancy loss represents the main objective of our study. We analysed the semaphorin CD100, its natural receptor CD72 and the glycoprotein CD45, physically and functionally associated to CD100 in the placental tissues from recurrent miscarriages by real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Placental tissue was obtained during surgical uterine evacuation in 72 caucasian women with early spontaneous pregnancy loss between 8th and 12th week of gestation and classified in four groups defined as first, second, third and fourth miscarriages. Other two normal placental groups were recruited: a) first trimester placentas (n = 18), matched for gestational age with placentas from spontaneous pregnancy loss; b) third trimester placentas (n = 6) at 38-40 weeks of gestation. We demonstrated that CD72, CD45 and CD100 mRNA were detectable in placental tissues with different expression in normal and pathological conditions. In addition, we demonstrated that CD72 and CD45 molecules were expressed in foetal macrophages and that their protein levels were especially deregulated in first and second miscarriages at about 10 weeks of gestation. On the contrary, CD100 cleaved protein appeared to be absent in placenta. In conclusion, our findings underline a possible role for CD100, CD72 and CD45 molecules in recurrent miscarriages, showing an important foetal involvement in the occurring of pregnancy loss

Gpr124 is essential for blood-brain barrier integrity in central nervous system disease

Although blood-brain barrier (BBB) compromise is central to the etiology of diverse central nervous system (CNS) disorders, endothelial receptor proteins that control BBB function are poorly defined. The endothelial G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Gpr124 has been reported to be required for normal forebrain angiogenesis and BBB function in mouse embryos, but the role of this receptor in adult animals is unknown. Here Gpr124 conditional knockout (CKO) in the endothelia of adult mice did not affect homeostatic BBB integrity, but resulted in BBB disruption and microvascular hemorrhage in mouse models of both ischemic stroke and glioblastoma, accompanied by reduced cerebrovascular canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling. Constitutive activation of Wnt-β-catenin signaling fully corrected the BBB disruption and hemorrhage defects of Gpr124-CKO mice, with rescue of the endothelial gene tight junction, pericyte coverage and extracellular-matrix deficits. We thus identify Gpr124 as an endothelial GPCR specifically required for endothelial Wnt signaling and BBB integrity under pathological conditions in adult mice. This finding implicates Gpr124 as a potential therapeutic target for human CNS disorders characterized by BBB disruption

Nodes and Boundaries of Global Communications: Notes on the Translation and Dubbing of Audiovisuals

The quality of dubbing is threatened by the recent developments of the audio-visual market. This holds true in Italy and surely elsewhere. The actors of the film industry (studios, directors, dialogue-writers, directors of dubbing) must fight for the right to have “good” dubbing. Some proposals are given. The absence of rules is seriously damaging the moral rights of the original film-makers, the professionalism of the technical and artistic sector, the target language and above all viewers, including the children.La qualité du doublage est menacée, en Italie et sans doute ailleurs, par les transformations du marché de l’audiovisuel. Les partenaires de l’industrie cinématographique (studios, metteurs en scène, traducteurs, directeurs de doublage) doivent se battre pour avoir le droit à un doublage de qualité. L’auteur propose quelques actions en ce sens. L’absence de règles a de graves effets sur les droits légitimes des cinéastes, sur le professionnalisme des agents techniques et artistiques, sur la langue d’arrivée et, par dessus tout, elle affecte les spectateurs, y compris les enfants

Ricordo di Sofia Vanni Rovighi nel centenario della nascita

Nel centenario della nascita di Sofia Vanni Rovighi il volume ripercorre i contributi offerti allo studio di pensatori e correnti della storia della filosofia, le proposte teoretiche avanzate su importanti temi e problemi e, infine, gli echi lasciati dalla sua riflessione

Midbrain auditory sensitivity in toads of the genus Bufo (amphibia - bufonidae) with different vocal repertoires

South American male toads Bufo chilensis emit a release call in contact with other individuals and a soft amplectic call, B. spinulosus males emit a release call while isolated in breeding areas, and B. arenarum produces a release call plus an intense mating call. Release calls of the 3 species measure 72-86 dB SPL RMS at 20 cm in front of the animal and the mating call of B. arenarum is 84-87 dB SPL at 4 m. Audiograms obtained with multiunit recordings in the torus semicircularis (TS) show a low frequency region (LFR), centered at 352, 356 and 491 Hz, and a high frequency region (HFR), centered at 1199, 1161 and 1423 Hz, in B. chilensis, B. spinulosus and B. arenarum, respectively. Center frequencies (CFs) in the HFR are in gross correspondence with average dominant frequencies (DFs) of the vocalizations of these species. Best thresholds (BTs) in the HFR are similar between B. chilensis and B. arenarum while in B. spinulosus average BTs are 10.8 and 13.5 dB higher, respectively. The