Diversity of fishing métier use can affect incomes and costs in small-scale fisheries

The implementation of an ecosystem based approach to fisheries management (EBFM) in multispecies fleets has the potential to increase fleet diversification strategies, which can reduce pressure on overexploited stocks. However, diversification may reduce the economic performance of individual vessels and lead to unforeseen outcomes. We studied the economic performance of different fleet segments and their fishing métiers in Wales (UK) to understand how the number of the métiers employed affects fishing income, operating costs and profit. For the small-scale segment more specialized fishers are more profitable and the diversity of métiers is limiting both the maximum expected income and profit but also on the operating costs. This last result may explain the propensity of fishers to increase the number of métiers for at least part of the studied fleet. Therefore, while for some vessels increasing the diversity of fishing métiers may be perceived to limit economic risk associated with the interannual variability of catches and prices and/or to reduce their operating costs, it can ultimately result in a less profitable activity than more specialised vessels.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Clinicians Reflect on COVID-19: Lessons Learned and Looking Beyond

As a result of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, clinical faculty had to abruptly adapt their clinical teaching and case supervision practices to adjust to the myriad restrictions brought on by the pandemic. This brought specialized challenges for clinicians who uniquely serve as both legal practitioners and law teachers in the law school setting. With little support and guidance, clinicians tackled never before seen difficulties in the uncharted waters of running a clinical law practice during a pandemic. In this report, we review the responses of 220 clinicians to survey questions relating to how law clinics and clinicians were treated by their institutions as they navigated these changes. Were clinical courses treated differently than other courses? Were clinical faculty treated differently than other faculty? Were some clinical courses treated differently than others? Did clinical faculty and staff experience pressure by their institutions to teach in-person or hybrid courses? In addition to summarizing the findings to these questions, this report examines the disparate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinicians and sheds light on some of the distinct challenges they faced. The report concludes with a list of recommended actions that law schools may take to equip themselves to provide appropriate support for clinical faculty during inevitable future emergencies, emphasizing the importance of autonomy and discretion for clinicians; specialized attention for diverse and vulnerable clinicians; and the very serious ethical and legal obligations of clinical law practices

Clinicians Reflect on COVID-19: Lessons Learned and Looking Beyond

As a result of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, clinical faculty had to abruptly adapt their clinical teaching and case supervision practices to adjust to the myriad restrictions brought on by the pandemic. This brought specialized challenges for clinicians who uniquely serve as both legal practitioners and law teachers in the law school setting. With little support and guidance, clinicians tackled never before seen difficulties in the uncharted waters of running a clinical law practice during a pandemic. In this report, we review the responses of 220 clinicians to survey questions relating to how law clinics and clinicians were treated by their institutions as they navigated these changes. Were clinical courses treated differently than other courses? Were clinical faculty treated differently than other faculty? Were some clinical courses treated differently than others? Did clinical faculty and staff experience pressure by their institutions to teach in-person or hybrid courses? In addition to summarizing the findings to these questions, this report examines the disparate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinicians and sheds light on some of the distinct challenges they faced. The report concludes with a list of recommended actions that law schools may take to equip themselves to provide appropriate support for clinical faculty during inevitable future emergencies, emphasizing the importance of autonomy and discretion for clinicians; specialized attention for diverse and vulnerable clinicians; and the very serious ethical and legal obligations of clinical law practices

Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Self-Extubation in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Restraint Policy Change: A Retrospective Study

Abstract: Background: Self-extubation is a serious complication of mechanical ventilation. The incidence of selfextubation in a university hospital may be altered by a recent policy change, which requires daily written and face-to-face patient re-evaluations regarding the need for restraints in the intensive care units. There are many concerns and suspicions that this might result in less use of restraints and thereby increase the risk of self-extubation. Methods: The goal of this study was to describe the incidence of self-extubation (SE) over time and report any observed change with the change in restraint policy (RP). Results: The rate of self-extubation during the control year was 1.62% which increased to 2.33% during the initial study period and decreased to 1.30% in the following year. The distant follow-up period eight years after the initial change in restraint policy showed a rate of 1.14%. Apache scores did not differ significantly between the years compared. Conclusion: A new restraint policy, which requires frequent reordering by physicians, has the potential to be associated with increased self-extubation, at least temporarily. Staff education may help reduce this risk. Further research will be useful in clarifying which interventions can most reduce this potentially life-threatening complication. Keywords: Complications of endotracheal intubation, ICU complications, self-extubation, unintended extubation, unplanned extubation complications of mechanical ventilation, ventilator weaning. BACKGROUND Self-extubation, the process whereby an intubated patient removes his own endotracheal tube (either deliberately or accidentally), is one of the most common clinical problems associated with mechanical ventilation, along with ventilator associated pneumonia and laryngeal damage. Under normal conditions, the process of weaning a patient from mechanical ventilation constitutes a significant portion of the time a patient is in the ICU. Before weaning, ICU nurses, physicians and respiratory therapists must carefully consider the state of the patient's airway, the ability of the patient to clear secretions and protect the airway, the patient's mental status and the absence of respiratory compromise [1]. Selfextubation can compromise the patient's health and complicates the safe and gradual process of mechanical ventilation weaning. Although some literature exists that describes the problems of self-extubation in detail, the literature lacks some data on risk factors associated with the likelihood that a patient will self-extubate [2]. The control period reviewed is year one, during which the hospital in this study followed the old restraint policy. During this year physicians ordered restraints verbally. In year two, the hospital modified its previous policy to require daily patient re-evaluation and daily re-ordering of patient restraints. This new policy led to a concern that there would be an increase in self-extubation. The State Health Department changed its regulations regarding the ordering of patient restraints. As a result, the hospital's policy also changed. In year two, the hospital required doctors to write restraint orders instead of verbally ordering restraints. In addition, daily face-to-face patient reevaluations were required in order to determine the ongoing need for restraints. This led to concern that the incidence of self-extubation might increase. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to describe the incidence of selfextubation (SE) over time and report any observed change with the change in restraint policy (RP). METHODS We conducted an IRB-approved retrospective record review utilizing the records of patients admitted to the Surgical and Trauma Intensive Care Unit of a Level On

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.04dv4

The data presented in the publication from the Kattegat, except for the isotope (see above), data can be found in Dyrad associated to an earlier publications by the authors: Data from: Bottom trawling affects fish condition through changes in the ratio of prey availability to density of competitors Hiddink JG, Moranta J, Balestrini S, Sciberras M, Cendrier M, Bowyer R, Kaiser MJ, Sköld M, Jonsson P, Bastardie F, Hinz H Date Published: May 31, 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.04dv4 To access the Kattegat data please use the following link http://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.04dv

Association between Parkinson’s disease and the faecal eukaryotic microbiota

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease, and is so far not considered curable. PD patients suffer from several motor and non-motor symptoms, including gastrointestinal dysfunctions and alterations of the enteric nervous system. Constipation and additional intestinal affections can precede the classical motor symptoms by several years. Recently, we reported effects of PD and related medications on the faecal bacterial community of 34 German PD patients and 25 age-matched controls. Here, we used the same collective and analysed the V6 and V7 hypervariable region of PCR-amplified, eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes using an Illumina MiSeq platform. In all, 53% (18) of the PD samples and 72% (18) of the control samples yielded sufficient amplicons for downstream community analyses. The PD samples showed a significantly lower alpha and a different beta eukaryotic diversity than the controls. Most strikingly, we observed a significantly higher relative abundance of sequence affiliated with the Geotrichum genus in the PD samples (39.7%), when compared to the control samples (0.05%). In addition, we observed lower relative abundances of sequences affiliated with Aspergillus/Penicillium, Charophyta/Linum, unidentified Opisthokonta and three genera of minor abundant zooflagellates in the PD samples. Our data add knowledge to the small body of data about the eukaryotic microbiota of PD patients and suggest a potential association of certain gut eukaryotes and PD

Irish Sea otter trawl and grab positions

Latitude and longitude of the station sampled in the Irish Se

Reproductive traits and factors affecting the size at maturity of <em>Cancer pagurus</em> across Northern Europe

In this article, we undertake the first broad-scale, cross-institutional collaboration to collect data on the size at maturity and reproductive strategy of the commercially fished decapod crab species, Cancer pagurus. Using identical methodology and temporal sampling, morphometric and physiological estimates of size at maturity were undertaken using 1806 crabs sampled from populations in the seas off Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland, Wales, England, and Norway. Additionally body condition, prevalence of external parasites, black spot disease, and the hepatosomatic index (HSI, hepatopancreas weight as a percentage of total tissue weight), and gonadosomatic index (GSI, gonad weight as a percentage of total tissue weight) were estimated for some populations. C. pagurus appears to use a “capitalist” reproductive strategy, relying on previously accumulated energy to use through the reproductive season. Crabs displaying black spot disease had significantly lower HSI values, taking into account that HSI decreases with each progressive reproductive stage. Male crabs with poor body condition and black spot disease displayed greater GSI values. Though this pattern was regionally variable, it indicates that, in some cases, physical stress may induce greater investment into reproductive resources. Based on the carapace width (CW) at which 50% of the sampled population was physiologically mature (CW50), estimates of size at first maturity varied between sampled populations in the range 97–117 mm CW in females and 59–106 mm CW in males. The CW50 estimates reported here are smaller than previously reported values for C. pagurus populations. However, the variety of laboratory and statistical methodologies used in published studies prevent absolute comparisons with our results. We discuss the benefits of developing a standardized methodology for size at maturity research and the need for greater collaboration in fisheries research to achieve goals set under the European Union’s Data Collection Framework for this species.No Full Tex