Cigarette Smoking and Secondhand Smoke Exposure Before and After a Tobacco-Free Olympic Policy Period : Qingdao, China

Introduction: We explored the impact of a temporary tobacco-free public policy for the 2008 Summer Olympics on the smoking prevalence and secondhand smoke exposure among the population of a co-hosting city, Qingdao, China. Methods: The Qingdao Diabetes Survey was analyzed for 2006 (n = 4599) and 2009 (n = 4680), which are survey years before and after the tobacco-free Olympics public policy period (July 2007 to January 2009). We analyzed the differences in self-reported smoking prevalence and exposure to secondhand smoke at home and/or workplace, and compared odds of smoking by survey year and of exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers. Results: From 2006 to 2009, the male smoking prevalence declined from 51.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 49.0% to 53.9%) to 42.6% (95% CI = 40.2% to 45.1%), and the proportion of lighter smokers decreased more. Among nonsmokers, the secondhand smoke exposure rate declined from 62.2% (95% CI = 60.5% to 63.9%) to 56.8% (95% CI = 55.1% to 58.6%). Regression analyses show 34% lower odds of men smoking after Olympics (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.57% to 0.77%). Rural residents and individuals who are not retired were more likely to smoke. Female nonsmokers report 17% less exposure to secondhand smoke after Olympics (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.70% to 0.98%). Urban nonsmokers were more likely to be exposed than their rural counterparts. Conclusions: Smoking prevalence among men and secondhand smoke exposure among women significantly decreased in Qingdao, China, after the tobacco-free Olympics public policy period. As only the proportion of lighter smokers decreased, this may help explain why urban nonsmokers reported increased exposure. Unintended increased secondhand smoke exposure and cessation support need to be addressed in large-scale policy campaigns. Implications: Hosting the Olympic Games can help to initiate large-scale tobacco-free public policies for hosting cities. Although previous studies have demonstrated reduction in nonsmoker exposure to secondhand smoke, the impact on the hosting city's smoking prevalence or exposure rates is unclear. After the Olympic Games in Qingdao, China, smoking prevalence among men significantly decreased, mostly due to light smokers. Secondhand smoke exposure at home and/or workplace significantly decreased among female nonsmokers. Urban nonsmokers had an unintended consequence of increased secondhand smoke exposure after the tobacco-free Olympic policy period. Concurrent promotion of cessation support for heavier smokers may be needed.Peer reviewe

High Schizotypal Individuals Are More Creative? The Mediation Roles of Overinclusive Thinking and Cognitive Inhibition

Although a theoretical link between positive schizotypy and heightened creativity has been established in the literature, little empirical research has been conducted to examine the underlying cognitive processes that contribute to this association. In addition, previous studies found a negative relationship between positive schizotypy and cognitive inhibition; however, they often used the paradigm of latent inhibition. This study used the paradigm of prepotent response inhibition indicated by Stroop interference effect and examined the mediation effects of overinclusive thinking (OT) and cognitive inhibition on the creativity of schizotypal individuals. Two groups of low and high schizotypal individuals (N = 78) participated in the study. Each participant completed one OT task, one color-word Stroop task, three other executive functioning (EF) control tasks, and two creativity tasks. The results indicated that the high schizotypal group outperformed the low schizotypal group in the creativity tasks. They also exhibited higher OT as indicated by faster reaction time and higher cognitive inhibition as indicated by lower Stroop interference effect. Further, participant’s levels of OT and cognitive inhibition partially mediated the relationship between schizotypy and creativity. The results were discussed under the context of schizotypy and creativity research and implications for rehabitation were further provided

A systematic investigation of conceptual color associations

Associations with colors are a rich source of meaning, and there has been considerable interest in understanding the capacity of color to shape our functioning and behavior as a result of color associations. However, abstract conceptual color associations have not been comprehensively investigated, and many of the effects of color on psychological functioning reported in the literature are therefore reliant on ad hoc rationalizations of conceptual associations with color (e.g., blue = openness) to explain effects. In the present work we conduct a systematic, cross-cultural, mapping of conceptual color associations using the full set of hues from the World Color Survey (WCS). In Experiments 1a and 1b we explored the conceptual associations that English monolingual, Chinese bilingual, and Chinese monolingual speaking adults have with each of the 11 Basic English Color Terms (black, white, red, yellow, green, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, gray). In Experiment 2 we determined which specific physical WCS colors are associated with which concepts in these three language groups. The findings reveal conceptual color associations that appear to be universal across all cultures (e.g., white - purity; blue - water/sky related; green - health; purple - regal; pink - "female" traits) as well as culture specific (e.g., red and orange - enthusiastic in Chinese; red - attraction in English). Importantly, the findings provide a crucial constraint on, and resource for, future work that seeks to understand the effect of color on cognition and behavior, enabling stronger a priori predictions about universal as well as culturally relative effects of conceptual color associations on cognition and behavior to be systematically tested

Are Emotionally Intelligent People More Creative? A Meta-Analysis of the Emotional Intelligence–Creativity Link

Although emotional intelligence (EI) is positively associated with beneficial outcomes such as higher job performance and better psychological well-being, its relationship with creativity is uncertain. To assess an overall correlation between EI and creativity, in the present study a meta-analysis of 96 correlations obtained from 75 studies with a total sample size of 18,130 was conducted. The results uncovered a statistically significant moderate correlation (r = 0.32, 95% CI, 0.26–0.38, p < 0.01) between these two constructs. Moderation analyses revealed that the link was modulated by the type of EI/creativity measure and sample characteristics, such as gender, employment status, and culture. Specifically, the link was stronger when EI and creativity were measured using subjective reports (EI: trait EI; creativity: creative behavior and creative personality) compared to objective tests (EI: ability EI; creativity: divergent thinking test, remote associate test, and creative product). In addition, the link was stronger in males compared to females, in employees compared to students, and in East Asian samples compared to Western European and American samples. Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed in detail

From PBL tutoring to PBL coaching in undergraduate medical education: an interpretative phenomenological analysis study

Background: Coaching psychology is of increasing interest to medical educators for its potential benefits as a facilitative method in problem-based learning (PBL). However, the field lacks empirical studies that explore the lived experiences of students and tutors in the PBL coaching process. This study aimed to elicit knowledge regarding medical students’ and tutors’ experiences and perceptions of PBL coaching in the context of Chinese undergraduate medical education. Methods: The qualitative methodology of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed. Participants comprised third year medical students (n=20) and PBL tutors (n=5) who have adopted a coaching approach in PBL for a semester. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to obtain a comprehensive understanding of their experiences of PBL coaching. Data analysis followed an iterative four-stage scheme of Biggerstaff and Thompson. Results: Six main themes emerged from diverse experiences and interpretations: 1) mindsets of coaching and learning, 2) the development of learning dispositions and capacities, 3) student group collaboration, 4) tutor–student relationships, 5) personal and professional development, and 6) challenges and difficulties in implementation. Conclusions: It could be concluded that PBL coaching is a dynamic, facilitative process that makes a particular contribution to the learning process from psychological, emotional, and social perspectives, whilst it demonstrates significant overlaps with PBL tutoring in terms of supporting students’ cognitive activities in PBL. Further research is needed to identify the barriers and challenges for medical educators to implement coaching in the PBL process

5H0J : The crystal structure of WT Pedobacter heparinus SMUG2

Experimental Technique/Method:X-RAY DIFFRACTION Resolution:1.8 Classification:LYASE Release Date:2017-01-18 Deposition Date:2016-10-04 Revision Date:2017-03-22 Molecular Weight:28208.39 Macromolecule Type:Protein Residue Count:244 Atom Site Count:1876 DOI:10.2210/pdb5h0j/pdb Abstract: Base deamination is a common type of DNA damage that occurs in all organisms. DNA repair mechanisms are essential to maintain genome integrity, in which the base excision repair (BER) pathway plays a major role in the removal of base damage. In the BER pathway, the uracil DNA glycosylase superfamily is responsible for excising the deaminated bases from DNA and generates apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified a family 3 SMUG1-like DNA glycoyslase fro

5H0K : The crystal structure of WT Pedobacter heparinus SMUG2

Experimental Technique/Method:X-RAY DIFFRACTION Resolution:2.25 Classification:LYASE Release Date:2017-01-18 Deposition Date:2016-10-04 Revision Date:2017-03-22 Molecular Weight:28314.52 Macromolecule Type:Protein Residue Count:244 Atom Site Count:1900 DOI:10.2210/pdb5h0k/pdb Abstract: Base deamination is a common type of DNA damage that occurs in all organisms. DNA repair mechanisms are essential to maintain genome integrity, in which the base excision repair (BER) pathway plays a major role in the removal of base damage. In the BER pathway, the uracil DNA glycosylase superfamily is responsible for excising the deaminated bases from DNA and generates apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified a family 3 SMUG1-like DNA glycoyslase fro

Enterprise Adoption of User Ideas in the Online User Innovation Community: An Empirical Analysis based on IAM

Even though a large amount of user-generated content in the innovation community reduces the cost of searching for user ideas by enterprises, the information overload caused by it increases the cost of cognition of effective ideas. Previous studies usually equate enterprises\u27 adoption willingness with adoption behavior of user ideas, lacking the discussion on the adoption mechanism from willingness to behavior. By employing Information Adoption Model, the present study establishes a model of the influencing factors of user idea adoption, and investigates the mechanism of enterprises adoption of user ideas in two stages. Information Adoption Model was proposed by American scholars Sussman and Siegal in 2003. Through the integration of the classic Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) dual process model, the information adoption process was explained from the central route and the peripheral route. The central route is mainly argument quality, and the peripheral route is mainly source credibility. The perceived usefulness of information recipients is an intermediate variable between information characteristics and information adoption, which has a positive impact on information adoption. On the basis of IAM, we constructs a model of the influencing factors of user idea adoption. The model is divided into two stages. The first stage mainly analyzes the user ideas text characteristics that affect the designer perceived usefulness. The central route of the model includes information relevance, readability and sentiment features, and the peripheral route includes user authority degree and idea popularity. The second stage mainly studies the process of transforming the designer perceived usefulness into the enterprise\u27s adoption of user ideas. This stage analyzes how the designer perceived usefulness affects the adoption of user ideas, and discusses the moderating effect include degree of feature attention, degree of referencing, and innovation forms on the designer perceived usefulness and user idea adoption. Through the Python scripting language, we collected the online user ideas data of the MIUI system circle from January 15, 2020 to December 17, 2020. At the same time, a total of 50 update logs in this time period were manually tracked. We collected 432936 pieces of online user ideas. After eliminating the missing personal information (user\u27s score) and no designers’ response in the original data, a total of 30001 valid research data were obtained. The first stage of the study found that the information quality and source credibility of user ideas affect the perceived usefulness of product designers. Relevant information can provide a more detailed description of product innovation, readable text can increase the interest of readers, and positive sentences can improve the willingness of designers to deal with information, so it is conducive to improve the perceived usefulness of designers. Influenced by the authority effect, the higher the user\u27s score, the more credible the designer will consider the suggestions be, so it is easier for designers to accept them. Idea’s popularity reflects the consistency of users\u27 needs and implies the potential success rate of the innovative idea in the market, so it can positively affect the perceived usefulness of designers. The above conclusions provide management significance for enterprise operation innovation community. First of all, designers in the enterprise community should guide users to publish their ideas in an appropriate form. Specifically, they should advocate concise and clear forms of expression and encourage positive expressions. Secondly, enterprises should provide more rewards for leading users in the community and establish incentive mechanism, so that leading users can provide more high-quality innovative ideas. For example, when purchasing a brand product, users can deduct their user scores accordingly. The second stage further verified the view of information adoption model, that is, perceived usefulness is an intermediate variable between information characteristics and adoption behavior, which has a positive impact on information adoption. Product feature attention and reference degree can enhance the impact of designer perceived usefulness on user idea adoption. The more attention paid to the product features, the more users\u27 needs can be met and the higher economic benefits can be brought to the enterprise. The higher the degree of reference, the higher the feasibility of the user ideas. Product designers can refer to related products to achieve improvement. The innovation form has a moderating effect on the designer\u27s perceived usefulness and the user idea adoption. For the improvement suggestions of the original function, the designer\u27s perceived usefulness has a greater impact on the user idea adoption. In other words, enterprises are more inclined to gradual, stable and low-cost innovation. The above conclusions reveal the mechanism of enterprises from ideas adoption intention to behavior, and suggest that enterprises need to consider market demand, competitive products and R&D difficulty factors in the process of adopting user ideas. When a designer takes a useful user idea as an innovation proposal, he should first examine the market attention of the proposal. High attention may also mean that adopting the user idea for product innovation can obtain more support and profits. Secondly, when enterprises carry out product innovation, they should not be limited to their own products. They should understand the related products, especially the products of competitors, maintain the advantages of their own products, and prevent them from being surpassed by competitive products. Finally, enterprises should consider their own R&D ability in product innovation, and avoid blind investment, so as to avoid the negative effects of excessive investment. This paper attempts to carry out innovative research from the following aspects: First, use IAM based on the enterprise perspective to expand the application scope of this model in network text analysis. The designer’s response is used to measure perceived usefulness, and the text similarity between ideas and product update logs is used to measure the results of user idea adoption, which better solves the measurement problem of two variables. Second, distinguish between the designer’s perceived usefulness and the enterprise’s adoption behavior of user ideas. And further Exploring the factors that may affect this process to enrich the theoretical content of IAM from the designer’s perspective. The following presents the theoretical significance of this study: (1) the information adoption model is applied to the analysis of user ideas from the perspective of enterprises, expanding the application scope of the model. (2) This paper distinguishes the perceived usefulness of designers and the adoption behavior of enterprises to user ideas, discusses the mechanism of moderating variables from adoption intention to adoption behavior, and improves the research system of enterprise adoption mechanism. The practical significance of the present study is to help enterprises effectively adopt user ideas to support product innovation: (1) it provides management suggestions for enterprise innovation community operation, such as standardizing the form of ideas publishing and establishing leading user incentive mechanism. (2) It is suggested that enterprises should pay more attention to market demand, competitive products and R&D difficulty factors in user idea adoption