Development Of An 8-Bit Fpga-Based Asynchronous Risc Pipelined Processor For Data Encryption

Microprocessors are widely used in various applications. One of the application is in the area of data security where data are encrypted and decrypted before and after transfer via communication channel. The microprocessor design can be categorized into two types, which are synchronous and asynchronous processors. The asynchronous processor may offer better speed improvement because it is self-timed where a control circuit will generate enable signals for all instruction executions based on the request and acknowledgement signals. Unlike the asynchronous design, synchronous design requires global clock. The clock must be long enough to accommodate the worst-case delay. In this work, an 8-bit asynchronous processor is designed based on a synchronous RISC pipe lined processor architecture. The synchronous processor consists of three stages. They are instruction fetch stage, instruction decode stage and execution stage. The reduce instruction set computer (RISC) architecture is used to minimize the instruction and to perform specific operation. To design the asynchronous processor, an asynchronous control circuit is added to synchronous design. The asynchronous control circuit is designed based on handshake protocol. Both the synchronous and asynchronous designs are applied fully using VHDL. The MAX+PLUS II is used as the simulation tools to design and for design verification. The UP1 education board that contains the FLEX10K chip is used to observe the hardware operation. The asynchronous processor was successfully designed with higher million instructions per second (MIPS) and higher operation frequency as compared to synchronous processor. The asynchronous processor has 10.772 MIPS and operated under frequency of 11. 16MHz. The asynchronous processor design consumed 63% of the total logic cells in FLEX10K chip. The processor fits in FLEX10K and provides extra spaces for future expansion

IoT-Based Indoor and Outdoor Self-Quarantine System for COVID-19 Patients

Even after two years since the declaration of the new virus Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), the reported cases are still considerably high in many countries, including Malaysia. The health authorities cannot monitor the health condition and track the location of every home-monitored patient at once due to many confirmed cases in a day. In order to overcome the shortage of manpower, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based self-quarantine system with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking is proposed in this paper to monitor the health conditions of the Covid-19 patients and track their real-time location via mobile application. Biomedical sensors are used to measure health conditions such as temperature, pulse oximetry, and heart-rate monitor. In addition, the RFID readers are used to detect patients that intend to leave the quarantine area, and the GPS modules are used to track their actual geometrical location so that the authorities can take further action. The real-time data is automatically pushed to the cloud server for the authorities to remotely view the patient's health condition and location on the Google map using smart devices. Finally, a hardware prototype and a mobile application have been successfully developed in this project. The system is able to display the temperature, heartbeats, and blood oxygen saturation properly on a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. All these measured values, together with the information from RFID detection and GPS location tracking, can be viewed on a smartphone

Optical Propagation and Communication

Contains research summary and reports on four research projects.Maryland Procurement Office (Contract MDA 904-87-C-4044)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS 87-18970)U.S. Army Research Office (Contract DAAL03-87-K-0117)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N0001 4-80-C-0941)U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract F49620-87-C-0043

Optical Propagation and Communication

Contains an introduction and reports on four research projects.Maryland Procurement Office Contract MDA 904-87-C-4044National Science Foundation Grant ECS 87-18970U.S. Army Research Office - Durham Contract DAAL03-87-K-0117U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-89-J-1163U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Contract F49620-87-C-004

Optical Propagation and Communication

Contains research objectives and reports on six research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant ECS 85-09143)Maryland Procurement Office (Contract MDA 904-84-C-6037)Maryland Procurement Office (Contract MDA 904-87-C-4044)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS 84-15580)National Science Foundation (Grant INT-86-14329)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-87-G-0198)U.S. Army Research Office - Durham (Contract DAAG29-84-K-0095)U.S. Army Research Office - Durham (Contract DAALO3-87-K-0117)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-80-C-0941_U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract F49620-87-C-0043

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

QoS provisioning in Wireless Local Area Network using adaptive admission control and scheduling with priority sliding

Existing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), which are dominated by the IEEE802.11b/a/g/n standards, only provide best effort services. These IEEE802.11 protocols that primarily employ Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism are unable to provide Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee to the real time applications. The IEEE802.11e was later introduced to provide prioritized services to the real time applications and protect the real time traffic from the best effort traffic. One major drawback of IEEE802.11e is that it cannot guarantee the stringent QoS required of the real time applications under high traffic load. A solution is needed to provide the prioritized services and control the traffic load, in order to protect the real time applications. In this thesis, a novel Adaptive Priority Sliding Admission Control and Scheduling (APSAS) scheme is proposed on top of the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) Medium Access Control (MAC) that are commonly used in IEEE802.11b/a/g and IEEE802.11e. APSAS’s roles are generally two folds: (1) controls the number of real time flows admitted to the network and (2) adjusts the priority of selected real time flows in order to accommodate more real time flows without violating the stringent QoS requirements. Extensive simulation studies show that APSAS improves the total throughput, flow throughput ratio, packets end-to-end delay, and jitter of the real time applications over WLAN compared to basic and scheduled DCF/EDCA. The contributions of this thesis are summarized as follow: • Class Based Queuing (CBQ) is identified as the suitable scheduling scheme for WLAN after extensive simulation verification. Optimal operation point of the admission control scheme is identified. • Two novel schemes, i.e. Layer 3 Admission Control and Adaptive Scheduling (L3-ACAS) and APSAS that work on top and upgrade the best effort DCF to prove QoS and improve the performance of EDCA are proposed. • L3-ACAS and APSAS provide a centralized control at router side

Performance Evaluation of Enhanced EXPRULE Scheduler for LTE Multi Cell Network

Nowadays, the demand for high data rate in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network is rapidly increasing. The vast deployment of real-time services in LTE network increases rapidly. To support such demand, beside the vast update from 3G to 4G, LTE network implements several techniques such as handover and scheduling techniques to support the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for UEs. One of the challenges in LTE network is the UEs mobility management. The services to UEs shall remain stable while the UEs are moving from one cell to another. In this paper, we analyzed the performance of the proposed eEXPRULE scheduler for LTE network in multiple cell scenario while the UEs are randomly move from one cell to another with different speeds. Extensive simulations are carried out using LTE-Sim simulator. The proposed eEXPRULE improves the performance of video traffic. It improves the video throughput (16%), video PLR (50%), video delay, VoIP delay (62%), and spectrum efficiency over the existing schedulers