Preparation and characterization of titanium based coatings by Direct-Current (DC) magnetron sputtering process

Thin film coatings by sputtering process are widely used in numerous industries due to their superior qualities such as improvement in wear and corrosion resistance, enhancement of the surface quality, functional properties enrichment and increased life-time. So withstanding the above mentioned conditions is essential for numerous industrial and medical applications. One of the most effective ways to create thin film materials of desired composition is sputtering process. Nordiko sputtering (NS) 2500 equipment is used in this thesis work to carry out the sputtering experiments. The aim of the thesis work is to study the relationship between depositions parameters used for DC magnetron sputtering process using Nordiko sputtering (NS-2500) equipment. The study is mainly focused to explain the relationship between deposition rates of thin film depositions with respect to sputtering parameters involved. One of the main objective is to study the effect of deposition parameters on the resultant microstructures and properties such as adhesion strength and surface roughness. This research work also deals with investigating the operation of Nordiko sputtering equipment and obtaining relevant experience related to it. The study is also focused on to briefly analyze the effect of substrate heating and etching to understand the morphological changes observed during sputtering depositions The thin film coating formation of titanium and titanium nitride compositions is successfully deposited using Nordiko sputtering equipment. Typical deposition rates were able to achieve in this DC magnetron sputtering process. In this thesis work, the relationship between deposition parameters is studied in detail and verified using various experimentation techniques. The effect of deposition parameters on the resultant microstructures and properties such as adhesion strength and surface roughness is successfully studied using several characterization techniques such as FESEM, adhesion strength, optical profilometer and XRD analysis. The effect of substrate etching and heating is studied briefly in this thesis work and the results established significant improvement in deposition rates and adhesion strength values. The sputtering equipment used in this experiment work is studied completely and it can be used for versatile operations. A short operational guide regarding the user manual is also prepared in this thesis report

Preparation and characterization of titanium based coatings by Direct-Current (DC) magnetron sputtering process

Thin film coatings by sputtering process are widely used in numerous industries due to their superior qualities such as improvement in wear and corrosion resistance, enhancement of the surface quality, functional properties enrichment and increased life-time. So withstanding the above mentioned conditions is essential for numerous industrial and medical applications. One of the most effective ways to create thin film materials of desired composition is sputtering process. Nordiko sputtering (NS) 2500 equipment is used in this thesis work to carry out the sputtering experiments. The aim of the thesis work is to study the relationship between depositions parameters used for DC magnetron sputtering process using Nordiko sputtering (NS-2500) equipment. The study is mainly focused to explain the relationship between deposition rates of thin film depositions with respect to sputtering parameters involved. One of the main objective is to study the effect of deposition parameters on the resultant microstructures and properties such as adhesion strength and surface roughness. This research work also deals with investigating the operation of Nordiko sputtering equipment and obtaining relevant experience related to it. The study is also focused on to briefly analyze the effect of substrate heating and etching to understand the morphological changes observed during sputtering depositions The thin film coating formation of titanium and titanium nitride compositions is successfully deposited using Nordiko sputtering equipment. Typical deposition rates were able to achieve in this DC magnetron sputtering process. In this thesis work, the relationship between deposition parameters is studied in detail and verified using various experimentation techniques. The effect of deposition parameters on the resultant microstructures and properties such as adhesion strength and surface roughness is successfully studied using several characterization techniques such as FESEM, adhesion strength, optical profilometer and XRD analysis. The effect of substrate etching and heating is studied briefly in this thesis work and the results established significant improvement in deposition rates and adhesion strength values. The sputtering equipment used in this experiment work is studied completely and it can be used for versatile operations. A short operational guide regarding the user manual is also prepared in this thesis report

A Novel Constructive Unceasement Conditional Random Field and Dynamic Bayesian Network Model for Attack Prediction on Internet of Vehicle

Today’s Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has soared by leveraging data gathered from transportation systems, yet it grapples with security concerns stemming from network vulnerabilities, exposing it to cyber threats. This study proposes an innovative method to anticipate anomalies and exploit IoV services related to road traffic. Using the Unceasement Conditional Random Field Dynamic Bayesian Network Model (U-CRF-DDBN), this approach predicts the impact of network attacks, strategically managing vulnerable nodes and attackers. Through experimentation and comparisons with existing methods, our model demonstrates its effectiveness in mitigating IoV vulnerabilities. The U-CRF-DDBN strikes a superior balance, outperforming other approaches in intrusion detection for Internet of Vehicles systems. Evaluating its performance on the NSL-KDD dataset reveals a promising average Detection Rate of 93.512% and a low False Acceptance Rate of 0.125% for known attacks, highlighting its robustness. However, with unknown attacks, while the Detection Rate remains at 74.157%, there is an increased FAR of 16.47%, resulting in a slightly lower F1-score of 0.822

ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING IN REPRODUCTIVE WOMEN: DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is a common cause for concern among reproductive women and their families, as well as a frequent cause of visits to the Emergency Department and/or health care provider. In the pilot study which was conducted in 50 patients, observed that majority of patients were admitted due to menorrhagia and most of them were peri-menopausal women. Fibroid uterus is the most common cause in the study population, other than cyst and adenomyosis. Among the 50 patients, 54% were managed with drugs, 32% with surgery & drugs and the remaining with surgery alone. Among the drugs used, tranexamicacid is an effective therapy for the management of aub. The adolescents were treated with oral progestins. Anemia which was assessed in 20% and was corrected with folic acid supplements, iron sucrose and blood transfusions if required. Hysterectomy was done in majority of patients with cyst and fibroid excisions.Key words: AUB, Menorrhagia, fibroid uterus, tranexamic acid, progestins, anemia, hysterectom

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Not AvailableThe tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis spp. is a destructive pest of cocoa across the globe. In the climate change scenario, the tea mosquito bug species complex, viz. Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, 1886, H. bradyi Waterhouse, 1886, and H. antonii V. Signoret, 1858, poses a serious threat to cocoa cultivation in India. Presently, systemic and/or broad-spectrum insecticides are used for mirid management by cocoa growers. However, concerns about their adverse effects on human health and the environment prompted us to search for alternative eco-friendly options for their management. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are an effective and eco-friendly alternative to chemical insecticides for the management of cocoa mirids. The use of native strains of biological control agents improves their success rate. Hence, the present investigation was conducted to isolate, characterize and evaluate an indigenous insect-pathogenic isolate of EPF Metarhizium anisopliae against the mirid H. theivora. An extensive survey was conducted in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka, India, to collect the adults of H. theivora naturally infected with entomopathogenic fungi. A pure culture of the EPF named as TMBMA1 was isolated from the infected adults. Based on the detailed morphological and molecular characterization, the isolate TMBMA1 was identified as Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin. The isolate TMBMA1 was found to be highly effective against H. theivora in an in-vitro bioassay and caused 100% insect mortality at 1 × 108 and 1 × 109 conidial suspensions 6 days post inoculation. Similarly, TMBMA1 was found effective in significantly reducing the incidence of mirids in field evaluations conducted for two consecutive years. TMBMA1 was found better than other commercial biopesticides and was comparable with the recommended chemical insecticide Lambdacyhalothrin. In conclusion, our results reveal that the native EPF, M. anisopliae isolate TMBMA1 has great potential against the mirid H. theivora and can serve as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative for mirid management in cocoa and other plantations in India.Not Availabl

Trimetallic Oxide Electrocatalyst for Enhanced Redox Activity in Zinc–Air Batteries Evaluated by In Situ Analysis

Abstract Researchers are investigating innovative composite materials for renewable energy and energy storage systems. The major goals of this studies are i) to develop a low‐cost and stable trimetallic oxide catalyst and ii) to change the electrical environment of the active sites through site‐selective Mo substitution. The effect of Mo on NiCoMoO4 is elucidated using both in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Also, density functional theory strategies show that NiCoMoO4 has extraordinary catalytic redox activity because of the high adsorption energy of the Mo atom on the active crystal plane. Further, it is demonstrated that hierarchical nanoflower structures of NiCoMoO4 on reduced graphene oxide can be employed as a powerful bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions in alkaline solutions, providing a small overpotential difference of 0.75 V. Also, Zn–air batteries based on the developed bifunctional electrocatalyst exhibit outstanding cycling stability and a high‐power density of 125.1 mW cm−2. This work encourages the use of Zn–air batteries in practical applications and provides an interesting concept for designing a bifunctional electrocatalyst