UNA REVISIÓN SOBRE EL SUMINISTRO DE AGUA EN ANTIOCHEIA AD ORONTES

The water supply of Antioch was provided by 4 different aqueduct lines which were called Harbiye, Dursunlu and Kuruyer. These aqueducts, which consisted both of those built of masonry as well as carved channels, tunnels, bridges and terracotta pipes, were mainly constructed in the first and second centuries AD. and were used actively for years. Despite the development of this system of water supply, the population could not rely on only one source of water and it has been possible to document the use of water-wells and cisterns during the period of the Roman Empire. In conclusion, the water system of Antakya, developed, diversified and ornamented over time, in which different types of construction and techniques were used, is considered to be a great source for the study of architecture and water engineering.El abastecimiento de agua a Antioquía dependió de cuatro acueductos diferentes, conocidos como Harbiye, Dursunlu y Kuruyer. Estos acueductos estaban formados tanto por canales de obra como excavados, túneles, puentes y tuberías de terracota, fechados a lo largo de lossiglos I y II d.C. A pesar del desarrollo de todos estos elementos, la población no contó con una sola fuente de abastecimiento de agua, pues se ha podido documentar el uso durante el periodo romano de pozos y cisternas. En conclusión, el sistema de abastecimiento de agua de Antioquía, desarrollado, diversificado y ornamentado a lo largo del tiempo, se convierte en una interesante fuente para el estudio de la arquitectura y el suministro de agua

Urbanization process in Hatay from Alalakh to Antioch'

Kuzey Levant’ ın baslangıcında yer alan Hatay’ ın topografik yapısını, güneyden kuzeye dogru uzanan el-Ansariye Dagları, Kel Dagı ve Amanos Dagları ile Asi Nehri Vadisi ve Amik Ovası belirler. Erken Tunç Çagı’ nın sonlarında ortaya çıkan kent ve kentlesme sürecinin yasandıgı Amik Ovası’ nda, kronolojik sıra ile Alalakh (Açana Höyügü), Kunulua (Tayinat Höyügü), Antigoneia ve Antiokheia (Antakya) birbirinin ardından kurulmus kentlerdir. Amik Ovası’ nın denize baglandıgı Asi Nehri Deltası’ nda yer alan Sabuniye, Al Mina ve Seleukeia Pieria ise cografi, kültürel ve ticari bakımdan Amik Ovası’ nın etkilesim alanı içinde kaldıgından; Amik Ovası’ ndaki kentlerle yakın iliskiler içinde olmuslardır. Ova’ nın güneybatı kösesinde yer alan Antiokheia, kentlesme olgusunun en üst noktaya çıktıgı Helenistik ve Roma döneminde, büyüklügü ve kentsel özellikleri itibarıyla digerlerinden ayrılmaktadır. Bu çalısma, Hatay da kent ve kentlesme olgusunu belirli bir tarihsel süreç içinde Amik Ovası merkezli olarak ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu süreç orta tunç çagında ortaya çıkan ilk kent olan Alalakh’ dan baslayarak Helenistik dönemde kurulan Antiokheia ya kadar olan 1700 yıllık tarihsel dönemi kapsamaktadır.Hatay province is located on the beginning of the Northern Levant. Its topographical appearance is defined mainly by el Ansariye mountain range and Mount Cassius on the South, Amanos mountain range on the North and Amuq Plain and Orontes River. Amuq plain was one of the place where the city states and urbanization period took place at the end of early Bronze Age. These founded chronologically Alalakh (Tell Atchana), Kunulua or Kullani (Tell Tayinat), Antigoneia and Antioch. Sabuniye, Al Mina and Seleukeia Pieria were founded in relationship with these centers in the Orontes Delta in which Amuq Plain opened to Mediterranean world. Antioch, which locates on the southwest corner of the Amuq, is separating from the others by its dimension and urban features in Hellenistic and Roman periods when the urbanization phenomenon was on the uppermost level. This article aims to analyze the urban and urbanization process in specific time period based on the Amuq Plain in Hatay. The urbanization process covers 1700 years time period starting in middle Bronze Age by emerging of Alalakh until the foundation of Antiokheia

Water supplies of antioch on the orontes

One of the most important issues related to the development of a city is its water sources and their conveyance to the city. The ancient writers Libanius and Malalas praised the water supplies of Antioch, the beauty of its sources and the advantages they provided to the city. According to Ioannes Chrysostom (4th century A.D.), Antioch had a population of 200,000 people at the end of the 1st century based on information from its bishop Ignatius. Haddad states in his article entitled "The Population of Antioch," using information provided by Libanius and Ioannes Chrysostom, that in the 4th century A.D. Antioch's population reached 250,000 people. This number should be considered half a million with slaves included. The high population and water demand of the city are at a comparable level to those of Rome, and this must have required a developed system of water supplies. The water supplies are among the most impressive remains of the ancient city. Travelogues mention at least three water supply bridges as well as cut channels and cistern remains. Excavations conducted in Antakya between 1932 and 1939 also covered the water supplies, but no extensive survey was done. For the first time in 2002 extensive surveys of the water supplies were initiated and their remains documented. In addition to the identification of the water supplies, the sources and all the elements constituting the water conveyance system of the city were studied. According to ancient sources, water supply construction started in the reigns of Seleucus I and Antiochus III, soon after the city's foundation, and water was brought to the city from Daphne (Harbiye). Our surveys have shown that, apart from the sources at Daphne, other main sources supplying water to Antioch were at Zugaybe and Kuruyer, which has dried up to a great degree today. In addition to these fault line-karstic sources, precipitation was the other important factor in supplying the city. The region's average annual precipitation is 1097.8 mm. Therefore wells utilizing underground water and cisterns collecting the precipitation were initially effective parts of the water supply system. Yet it is certain that the wells and cisterns fell short of supplying adequate water as the city came under Roman rule and grew rapidly. At this time water supplies utilizing sources in the surrounding area gained in importance. According to our surveys, during this period Antioch was supplied with water via four water supplies: the double-channel of Harbiye and single channels of Dursunlu and Kuruyer. These water supplies were comprised of masonry channels, cut channels, water collection tunnels, bridges, terra cotta conduits as well as eight bridges. The water supplies of Antioch developed immensely, especially in the first and second centuries A.D.and stayed in use for a very long time period. They were repaired or rebuilt until the end of the 6th century A.D. when the development of the city slowed down. In spite of this advanced network of water supplies, the water supply system did not depend on a single source or structural type. In fact, wells and cistern continued to be used. As a result, the water supply of Antioch reflects a system that comprised a variety of structural types and techniques developing and diversifying in parallel to the growth of the city and integrating monumental structures

Characterization of building materials from the aqueduct of Antioch-on-the-Orontes (Turkey)

The Roman aqueduct of Antioch-on-the-Orontes (Turkey), a city located near the junction between the active Dead Sea fault and the East Anatolian fault, has been damaged several times due to historical earthquakes, as mentioned in ancient texts. The traces of repairs are studied in order to identify their potential seismic origin. The deformations of the structure were characterised thanks to a LIDAR scan. Several bricks were sampled on different parts of the city’s aqueducts, on the original structure and on repaired parts. The bricks were characterized through a petrological approach. 14C and archaeomagnetism were tested on the bricks in order to constrain the age of their production. The synthesis of all the data showed a local origin for the bricks, and led to the identification of several manufacturing techniques and several types of production, thus, confirming the potentiality of this approach to date and characterise post-seismic repairs.Archeosismicity along the Dead Sea Fault recorded by the Antioche-sur-Orontes aqueduc

Geochemistry and mineralogy approaches to characterize brick and its lake sediments sources: Antioch Roman City (Southern Turkey)

The Roman aqueduct of Antioch-on-the-Orontes (Southern Turkey) is situated close to the Antioch city. This last is located near the Amik Lake (Lake of Antioch) and close to the junction between the active Dead Sea fault and the East Anatolian fault. During the Roman period, the Amik Plain was more densely occupied than at any time in its history [1]. The study focuses on the bricks and the lake sediments characterization in order to determine the source area as well as the technical production used at this period. For this purpose, several bricks were sampled on different parts of the city's aqueducts. Furthermore, a core of about 6 m of sediments was also collected from the dried Amik Lake. The bricks were characterized through a mineralogical (XRD) and chemical (PIXE-PIGE) approaches. Unfired clay fraction remained as inclusion in the brick was separated and then analysed using XRD. Geochemical composition and clay mineralogy were performed on the raw sediments from the Amik Lake in order to compare the source area. Technological test will be performed on the raw clay sediments from the Amik Lake in the purpose to understand the production techniques used at this time. The age of the brick production was previously dated to the Roman Period [2]. The synthesis of all the data attested the Amik Lake sediment as the raw material for the bricks of the aqueduct. Clay mineral composition from the Roman period deposited in the lake is smectite, illite, kaolinite and small amount of mixed-layer clays. The similar clays composition is found in the remained clays on the brick used for the aqueduct construction. Fast and heterogeneous firing practice characterized the manufacturing of these materials due to the rapid need for the materials during the post-seismic repairs after earthquakes that are mentioned in historical written works. [1] J. Casana, Geomorphology, 101, 429-442 (2008) [2] Y. Benjelloun, J. de Sigoyer, J. Carlut, A. Hubert-Ferrari, H. Dessales, H. Pamir, V. Karabacak, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 347, 170-180 (2015

HARBIYE AQUEDUCT: A RECORD OF PAST EARTHQUAKES

This paper presents a detailed analysis of Harbiye aqueduct (Hatay, Turkey). The region is situated at the junction of two major faults (East Anatolian fault and the Dead Sea fault) and is well known for his important historic seismicity. The aqueduct is located close to Antioch on the Orontes (known as Antakya). The city was founded in the third century BC. Harbiye aqueduct is characterized by different stages of building (Benjelloun et al., submitted). A phase is dated to Caligula period. After the 37 AD earthquake, the aqueduct was rebuilt. We noticed the presence of two dissociated travertine and a changing of masonry material. We also observed several damages and repair structures dating from Roman time. We assume that our observations are the results of one or more earthquakes. Since the construction of the aqueduct, historical seismic records mention 13 earthquakes that provoked severe damages in the city of Antioch (Guidoboni et al. 1994, Al-Tarazi, 1999, Över et al. 2002). The last one occurred in 1872 (M=7.2). In order to test our hypothesis, we modelled the structure of the aqueduct by using FineLg, a software developed at University of Liege. The seismic signals were chosen in the European Strong-motion database (Ambraseys et al., 2002) according the following criteria: a bedrock station (to avoid site effect), a strike-slip fault mechanism and a distance between the station and the epicenter around 20-30 km. The aqueduct is located at about 25 km of the Dead Sea Fault. We tested several magnitudes for the purpose of estimate the magnitude of the earthquake(s) which destroy(s) the studied aqueduct. Our results highlight the bond between the magnitude, the damage and the weakness area of this type of structure

Numerical investigation on the seismic performance of aqueduct bridge structures: application to the Antioch on the Orontes Aqueduct (Antakya, Turkey)

Seismic shaking can damage building, especially historical structures which were not designed with building codes. Here we focus on Roman aqueduct bridge structures, which remains can be found all over the Mediterranean area, a highly seismic region. We developed simple models using a finite element software to realize static and dynamic linear analyses of these structures when they are subject to imposed ground motion. The effects of basic variations in the pier-arch architectural design and in the type of material used were investigated. We identified two main weak zones: the arch extremities and the bottom part of the piers. The damage occurrence in these two areas could be attributed to earthquake shaking. Our first-order vulnerability analysis also points to different ways to enhance the structure stability: building narrow arches, adding buttress zones and using bricks which are light materials. Finally, we also investigated the vulnerability to seismic shaking of a real case example, the Antioch on the Orontes Aqueduct in Harbiye (Turkey). The aqueduct shows different stages of constructions, damage areas and repairs. The modeling suggests that the observed damages were the results of earthquake shaking. The repairs reinforced the structure and stabilized it pointing to the adaptive technology and skills of the roman engineers.QuakeRecNanka