Effect of different helmet shell configurations on the protection against head trauma

[EN] Head trauma following a ballistic impact in a helmeted head is assessed in this work by means of finite element models. Both the helmet and the head models employed were validated against experimental high-rate impact tests in a previous work. Four different composite ply configurations were tested on the helmet shell, and the energy absorption and the injury outcome resulting from a high-speed impact with full metal jacket bullets were computed. Results reveal that hybrid aramid-polyethylene configurations do not prevent bullet penetration at high velocities, while 16-layer aramid configurations are superior in dissipating the energy absorbed from the impact. The fabric orientation of these laminates proved to be determinant for the injury outcome, as maintaining the same orientations for all the layers led to basilar skull fractures (dangerous), while alternating orientation of the adjacent plies resulted in an undamaged skull. To the authors knowledge, no previous work in the literature has analysed numerically the influence of different stack configurations on a single combat helmet composite shell on human head trauma.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The study received the funding support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness in the framework of the projects DPI2013-46641-R and DPI2017-89197-C2-2-R and the Generalitat Valenciana in the context of the Programme PROMETEO 2016/007.Palomar-Toledano, M.; Belda R.; Giner Maravilla, E. (2019). Effect of different helmet shell configurations on the protection against head trauma. Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design. 54(7-8):408-415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309324719835706S408415547-

Effect of insecticides on Trichogramma chilonis L., egg parasitoid of large cabbage moth, Crocidolomia pavonana F.

The study was carried out to examine the effects of key insecticides against Trichogramma chilonis parasitism of large cabbage moth (LCM). Three days after spraying with AttackTM, OrtheneTM and EntrustTM (permethrin + pirimiphos-methyl, acephate and spinosad), no parasitism of LCM eggs occurred. After 3 days of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) treatment, parasitism of LCM egg mass was 100 %, which is the same as the control. No parasitism of the egg mass occurred after spraying with ei-ther AttackTM or OrtheneTM. The percentage of parasitised LCM eggs after Bt treatment was 13.48; the control showed the highest parasitism of LCM eggs (58.13 %). The mortality of T. chilo-nis adults (in descending order) due to the insecticides after 15 hours was Entrust, Attack, Orthene and Bt. The result suggests that Bt could be included in Integrated Pest Management Programmes that depend on T. chilonis parasitism of LCM eggs and T. chilonis activity

Molecular and thermodynamic properties of zwitterions versus ionic liquids: A comprehensive computational analysis to develop advanced separation processes

WILEY: "This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: ChemPhysChem 19.7 (2018): 801-815, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201701093. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions." Este artículo apareció anteriormente con el siguiente título "Exploring molecular and thermodynamic properties of zwitterions vs ionic liquids: A comprehensive computational analysis to develop advanced separation processes"Zwitterion ionic liquids (ZIs) are compounds in which both counterions are covalently tethered, conferring them with unique characteristics; however, most of their properties are still unknown, representing a bottleneck to exploit their practical applications. Herein, the molecular and fluid properties of ZIs and their mixtures were explored by means of quantum chemical analysis based on the density functional theory (DFT) and COSMO-RS method, and compared against homologous ionic liquids (ILs) to provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of the distinct structures on their physicochemical and thermodynamic behavior. Overall, ZIs were revealed as compounds with higher polarity and stronger hydrogen-bonding capacity, implying higher density, viscosity, melting point, and even lower volatility than structurally similar ILs. The phase equilibrium of binary and ternary systems supports stronger attractive interactions between ZIs and polar compounds, whereas higher liquid–liquid immiscibility with nonpolar compounds may be expected. Ultimately, the performance of ZIs in the wider context of separation processes is illustrated, while providing molecular insights to allow their selection and design for relevant applicationsThe authors would like to acknowledge to Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid for the Project S2013/MAE-2800 and to Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain for financial support of Projects CTQ2014-52288-R. We are very grateful to Centro de Computación Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid for computational facilities. We all would like to acknowledge kind support in the framework of the COST Action EXIL-Exchange on Ionic Liquids (CM1206)

Laboratory characterization of brick walls rendered with a pervious lime-cement mortar

A laboratory study investigating important thermal retrofitting solutions for simple and double (cavity) brick walls is presented. Test walls were modified using materials of current interest including an external pervious lime-cement mortar render and insulation board prior to evaluation. Laboratory simulations of steady-state winter and summer scenarios were performed using apparatus comprising two opposing climate chambers. Temperature, relative humidity and heat flux rate were monitored with surface sensors every 10?min until stabilization on each wall type, retrofitting solution and climate scenario. The temperature and relative humidity profiles, heat flux, surface temperature difference, thermal conductance, condensation risk and stabilization times were assessed. Comparisons between simple and double (cavity) brick walls showed significant differences and a high condensation risk in the non-ventilated air cavity of the double wall. The pervious lime-cement mortar render enhanced substantially the thermal performance of the single wall although increased the condensation risk of the double (cavity) wall. As expected, the insulation layerreduced the thermal conductance of the wall, although the improvement in a summer scenario was considerably lower than in winter. The different performance observed between winter and summer steady-state conditions emphasized the importance of the heat and mass transfer coupling effect. Therefore, this work proves that effective retrofitting depends on materials, wall layouts and climate conditions. These experimental results provide essential knowledge about assessing the effects of common retrofitting solutions especially under hot-dry summer scenarios.Financial support for this research was provided by the Trainee Research Personnel Mobility Grant (Movilidad PIF-UAH 2015) and Grant for training of Lecturers (FPU-UAH 2013), funded by the University of Alcala

Stand-alone lumbar cage subsidence: A biomechanical sensitivity study of cage design and placement.

Background and objective: Spinal degeneration and instability are commonly treated with interbody fusion cages either alone or supplemented with posterior instrumentation with the aim to immobilise the segment and restore intervertebral height. The purpose of this work is to establish a tool which may help to understand the effects of intervertebral cage design and placement on the biomechanical response of a patient-specific model to help reducing post-surgical complications such as subsidence and segment instability. Methods: A 3D lumbar functional spinal unit (FSU) finite element model was created and a parametric model of an interbody cage was designed and introduced in the FSU. A Drucker–Prager Cap plasticity formulation was used to predict plastic strains and bone failure in the vertebrae. The effect of varying cage size, cross-sectional area, apparent stiffness and positioning was evaluated under 500 N preload followed by 7.5 Nm multidirectional rotation and the results were compared with the intact model. Results: The most influential cage parameters on the FSU were size, curvature congruence with the endplates and cage placement. Segmental stiffness was higher when increasing the cross-sectional cage area in all loading directions and when the cage was anteriorly placed in all directions but extension. In general, the facet joint forces were reduced by increasing segmental stiffness. However, these forces were higher than in the intact model in most of the cases due to the displacement of the instantaneous centre of rotation. The highest plastic deformations took place at the caudal vertebra under flexion and increased for cages with greater stiffness. Thus, wider cages and a more anteriorly placement would increase the volume of failed bone and, therefore, the risk of subsidence. Conclusions: Cage geometry plays a crucial role in the success of lumbar surgery. General considerations such as larger cages may be applied as a guideline, but parameters such as curvature or cage placement should be determined for each specific patient. This model provides a proof-of-concept of a tool for the preoperative evaluation of lumbar surgical outcomes

Selective CO2/CH4 Separation by Fixed-Bed Technology Using Encapsulated Ionic Liquids

The performance of encapsulated ionic liquid (ENIL) sorbents has been experimentally evaluated in CO2/CH4 separation by means of gravimetric and fixed-bed measurements. Six ionic liquids (ILs) with CO2 chemical absorption ([Emim][Acetate], [Bmim][Acetate], [P66614][CNPyr], [Bmim][GLY], [Bmim][MET], and [Bmim]- [PRO]) were selected for the selective separation of CO2 from CH4. ENIL materials were prepared by encapsulation of these ILs in synthesized carbon submicrocapsules, achieving a ∼70% in mass of IL. Fixed-bed experiments of CO2 capture were carried out to evaluate the CO2/CH4 separation performance of prepared ENIL materials at different CO2 partial pressures and 303 K. Both thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 sorption were analyzed. The experimental CO2 and CH4 isotherms in ENIL materials obtained from fixed-bed experiments were successfully compared to those obtained by reliable gravimetric tests and fitted to the Langmuir− Freundlich equilibrium model. In addition, experimental CO2 breakthrough curves were well-described by the linear driving force and Yoon and Nelson kinetic models, providing sorption rate constants. ENIL sorbents show high CO2 uptake capacity, comparable to conventional adsorbents, but with drastically higher selectivity, in concordance with the negligible CH4 solubility in ILs at the used operating conditions, with acetate-based ENIL materials being the best sorbents in thermodynamic terms. The obtained kinetic parameters revealed that the CO2 chemical sorption with ENIL materials overcomes the IL mass transfer limitations. The sorption rates are faster than those obtained with ENIL using IL physical absorbents and seem to be controlled by the reaction kinetics. The [P66614][CNPyrr]-based ENIL is found to be the most promising material, combining favorable kinetic and thermodynamic considerations for future development of CO2/CH4 separation using fixed-bed technologyThe authors are grateful to Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain (projects PID2020-118259RB-I00 and PDC2021- 120881-I00) and Comunidad de Madrid (project P2018/ EMT4348) for financial support and Centro de Computación Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid for computational facilitie

Compression failure characterization of cancellous bone combining experimental testing, digital image correlation and finite element modeling

[EN] Cancellous bone yield strain has been reported in the literature to be relatively constant and independent from microstructure and apparent density, while fracture strain shows higher scattering. The objective of this work is to assess this hypothesis, characterizing the compression fracture in cancellous bone from a numerical approach and relating it to morphological parameters. Quasi-static compression fractures of cancellous bone samples are modeled using high-resolution image-based finite elements, correlating the numerical models and experimental results. The yield strain and the strain at fracture are inferred from the micro-CT-based finite element models by inverse analysis. The validation of the fracture models is carried out through digital image correlation (DIC). To develop this work, cancellous bone parallelepiped-shaped specimens were prepared and micro-CT scanned at 22 mu m spatial resolution. A morphometric analysis was carried out for each specimen in order to characterize its microstructure. Quasi-static compression tests were conducted, recording the force-displacement response and a sequence of images during testing for the application of the DIC technique. This was applied without the need of a speckle pattern benefiting from the irregular microstructure of cancellous bone. The finite element models are also used to simulate the local fracture of trabeculae at the micro level using a combination of continuum damage mechanics and the element deletion technique. Equivalent strain, computed both from DIC and micro-FE, was the best predictor of the compression fracture pattern. The procedure followed in this work permits the estimation of failure parameters that are difficult to measure experimentally, which can be used in numerical models.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades grant numbers DPI2013-46641-R and DPI2017-89197-C2-2-R and the Generalitat Valenciana (Programme PROMETEO 2016/007). The micro-CT acquisitions were performed at CENIEH facilities with the collaboration of CENIEH staff. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the collaboration of Ms. Lucia Gomez.Belda, R.; Palomar-Toledano, M.; Peris Serra, JL.; Vercher Martínez, A.; Giner Maravilla, E. (2020). Compression failure characterization of cancellous bone combining experimental testing, digital image correlation and finite element modeling. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 165:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.105213S112165Gold, D. T. (2001). The Nonskeletal Consequences of Osteoporotic Fractures. 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Journal of Biomechanics, 38(4), 707-716. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.05.013Garcia, D., Zysset, P. K., Charlebois, M., & Curnier, A. (2008). A three-dimensional elastic plastic damage constitutive law for bone tissue. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 8(2), 149-165. doi:10.1007/s10237-008-0125-2Ridha, H., & Thurner, P. J. (2013). Finite element prediction with experimental validation of damage distribution in single trabeculae during three-point bending tests. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 27, 94-106. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.07.005Hambli, R. (2012). A quasi-brittle continuum damage finite element model of the human proximal femur based on element deletion. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 51(1-2), 219-231. doi:10.1007/s11517-012-0986-5Fan, R., Gong, H., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Jia, Z., & Zhu, D. (2016). Modeling the Mechanical Consequences of Age-Related Trabecular Bone Loss by XFEM Simulation. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2016, 1-12. doi:10.1155/2016/3495152Vellwock, A. E., Vergani, L., & Libonati, F. (2018). A multiscale XFEM approach to investigate the fracture behavior of bio-inspired composite materials. Composites Part B: Engineering, 141, 258-264. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.12.062Hambli, R. (2010). Multiscale prediction of crack density and crack length accumulation in trabecular bone based on neural networks and finite element simulation. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering, 27(4), 461-475. doi:10.1002/cnm.1413Hambli, R. (2011). Apparent damage accumulation in cancellous bone using neural networks. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 4(6), 868-878. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.03.002Lemaitre, J. (1985). A Continuous Damage Mechanics Model for Ductile Fracture. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 107(1), 83-89. doi:10.1115/1.3225775Turner, C. H., & Burr, D. B. (1993). 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A Review of Surface Deformation and Strain Measurement Using Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 23(3), 461-480. doi:10.1515/mms-2016-0028Palanca, M., Tozzi, G., & Cristofolini, L. (2015). The use of digital image correlation in the biomechanical area: a review. International Biomechanics, 3(1), 1-21. doi:10.1080/23335432.2015.1117395Grassi, L., & Isaksson, H. (2015). Extracting accurate strain measurements in bone mechanics: A critical review of current methods. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 50, 43-54. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.06.006Bayraktar, H. H., Morgan, E. F., Niebur, G. L., Morris, G. E., Wong, E. K., & Keaveny, T. M. (2004). Comparison of the elastic and yield properties of human femoral trabecular and cortical bone tissue. Journal of Biomechanics, 37(1), 27-35. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00257-4Carretta, R., Stüssi, E., Müller, R., & Lorenzetti, S. (2013). 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Journal of Biomechanics, 27(9), 1127-1136. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(94)90053-1Keaveny, T. M., Pinilla, T. P., Crawford, R. P., Kopperdahl, D. L., & Lou, A. (1997). Systematic and random errors in compression testing of trabecular bone. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 15(1), 101-110. doi:10.1002/jor.1100150115Correlated Solutions. VIC-2d v6 reference manual. 2016. http://www.correlatedsolutions.com/supportcontent/Vic-2D-v6-Manual.pdf.Whitehouse, W. J. (1974). The quantitative morphology of anisotropic trabecular bone. Journal of Microscopy, 101(2), 153-168. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1974.tb03878.xKabel, J., van Rietbergen, B., Dalstra, M., Odgaard, A., & Huiskes, R. (1999). The role of an effective isotropic tissue modulus in the elastic properties of cancellous bone. Journal of Biomechanics, 32(7), 673-680. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00045-7Nalla, R. K., Kinney, J. H., & Ritchie, R. O. (2003). Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone. 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Mechanical Behavior of Osteoporotic Bone at Sub-Lamellar Length Scales

Osteoporosis is a disease known to promote bone fragility but the effect on the mechanical properties of bone material, which is independent of geometric effects, is particularly unclear. To address this problem, micro-beams of osteoporotic bone were prepared using focused ion beam microscopy and mechanically tested in compression using an atomic force microscope while observing them using in situ electron microscopy. This experimental approach was shown to be effective for measuring the subtle changes in the mechanical properties of bone material required to evaluate the effects of osteoporosis. Osteoporotic bone material was found to have lower elastic modulus and increased strain to failure when compared to healthy bone material, while the strength of osteoporotic and healthy bone was similar. Surprisingly, the increased strain to failure for osteoporotic bone material provided enhanced toughness relative to the control samples, suggesting that lowering of bone fragility due to osteoporosis is not defined by material performance. A mechanism is suggested based on these results and previous literature that indicates degradation of the organic material in osteoporosis bone is responsible for resultant mechanical properties

Techno-economic feasibility of ionic liquids-based CO2 chemical capture processes

A techno-economic assessment of Ionic Liquids (ILs)-based post-combustion, biogas and pre-combustion CO2 chemical capture processes was carried out using Aspen Plus and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (APEA). This cost estimation procedure is newly integrated to our COSMO-based/Aspen Plus methodology used to design the chemical absorption processes with 90% of CO2 capture. The equipment investment and variable operating cost were analyzed relating to the process operating conditions and the IL performance. The total annualized cost was used as the index to economically evaluate the processes at three CO2 treatment capacities and employing three different ILs: [P2228][CNPyr], [P66614][CNPyr] and [Bmim][acetate]. It benefits from economy of scale as well as it is directly related to both IL enthalpy of reaction and process gap capacity, being [P2228][CNPyr] -which has the most exothermic reaction and highest gap capacity- the solvent achieving the lowest costs. Current results indicate that operating at vacuum pressure to better regenerate the IL entails a remarkable cost penalty. Hence, both capital (CAPEX) and operational expenses (OPEX) could be reduced to achieve a total cost of 81.32 $/tCO2 for [P2228][CNPyr] in post-combustion CO2 capture when regenerating the IL at atmospheric pressure and 121.5 °C. Three IL pricing basis were considered when calculating the solvent cost. A conservative IL scaled up price of 50$/kg only increments around 5% the total annualized cost of the processThe authors are grateful to Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (project CTQ2017-89441-R) and Comunidad de Madrid (project P2018/EMT4348) for financial support and Centro de Computación Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid for computational facilitie

Pathways to Equitable and Sustainable Education through the Inclusion of Roma Students in Learning Mathematics

Education is a key feature in the development of an agenda for a sustainable world. Education usually is associated with developing a responsible and ethical citizenship, aware of the main challenges for a sustainable development. Mathematics used to play a role as gatekeeper to achieve good educational performance. This article explores six case studies of Roma developing successful learning stories in learning mathematics. We identify five main characteristics in their educational trajectories that may explain Roma students' success in the school. This article moves forward previous studies characterizing Roma cultural features of mathematics learning, reporting stereotypes towards Roma in school. We conclude that in order to promote educational inclusion, successful stories may inform effective educational programs that, ultimately, may lead towards a sustainable education, including students from the most disadvantaged groups, as in the case of the Roma people