PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI AGREGAT HALUS DENGAN SERBUK CANGKANG KERANG DARAH TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memanfaatkan limbah cangkang kerang sekaligusmenyelamatkan lingkungan pantai dari pencemaran sekaligus mencari inovasi baru padateknologi beton, dan ingin mengetahui bagaimana pengaruhnya sebagai bahan substitusiagregat halus pada campuran beton.Substitusi cangkang kerang halus dengan variasi 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% dan 25% darivolume agregat halus, dengan FAS 0,4 dan sampel berbentuk silinder 15 cm x 30 cmmasing-masing 5 buah sehingga berjumlah 35 sampel. Sampel-sampel tersebut akandilakukan pengujian setelah berumur 28 hari. Pengukuran slump pada masing-masingcampuran menunjukkan nilai slump yang bervariasi : beton normal = 14 cm, betonsubstitusi 5% = 17 cm, beton substitusi 10% = 14 cm, beton substitusi 15% = 14 cm,beton substitusi 20% = 18 cm, dan beton substitusi 25% = 15 cm.Hasil pengetesan beton diperoleh kuat tekan sebesar: 21,31 MPa, 16,14 MPa, 20,31Mpa, 20,55 MPa, 22,63 MPa, dan 25,05 MPa. Dari hasil di atas dapat disimpulkanbahwa substitusi cangkang kerang 25% meningkatkan kuat tekan maksimum (25,05 %)dari beton normal, sedangkan substitusi cangkang kerang 10%, 15%, dan 20%memenuhi kuat tekan rencana beton, maka substitusi serbuk cangkang kerang 10%,15%, 20%, dan 25% dapat memberikan dampak positif terhadap peningkatan kuat tekanbeton , sedangkan substitusi 5% mengalami penurunan kuat tekan sebesar 5,17 % daribeton norma

Hubungan Pengetahuan Dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Yang Anaknya Di Rawat Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

. Knowledge is the result of the idea and someone did this happen after sensing on a particular object. Anxiety is a normal thing that happens in the growth, changes, new experiences and discoveries can accompany meaning of life and self-identity. The higher one's education will be more easily and able to deal with stress.Individually anxious can interfere especially with the lack of knowledge of the problems faced. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship of knowledge about dengue fever with a mother whose son is anxiety levels treated parts department Prof children Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. This study used a questionnaire rating their knowledge and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HARS) with a sample of 71 respondents.Based on the results of the study found that there are 32 good knowledgeable mothers (45,07%) were knowledgeable mothers 39 (54,93%). While there were 59 maternal anxiety (83,10%) severe anxiety, there were 12 mothers (16,90%). Based on statistics by using Fisher's Exact Test is used as an alternative test of the Chi Square test are not eligible where one column value must be at least 5,41. Based on the analysis at 95% confidence level and error rate α = 0.05 shows the p-value = 0.000 <α = 0.05 level. Therefore we can conclude that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted that there is a significant correlation between maternal knowledge about dengue fever with maternal anxiety levels that treated her son Prof parts. Dr. R. D.Kandou Manado

Functional characterisation of Schistosoma japonicum acetylcholinesterase

BACKGROUND: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important metabolic enzyme of schistosomes present in the musculature and on the surface of the blood stage where it has been implicated in the modulation of glucose scavenging from mammalian host blood. As both a target for the antischistosomal drug metrifonate and as a potential vaccine candidate, AChE has been characterised in the schistosome species Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium and S. bovis, but not in S. japonicum. Recently, using a schistosome protein microarray, a predicted S. japonicum acetylcholinesterase precursor was significantly targeted by protective IgG1 immune responses in S. haematobium-exposed individuals that had acquired drug-induced resistance to schistosomiasis after praziquantel treatment. RESULTS: We report the full-length cDNA sequence and describe phylogenetic and molecular structural analysis to facilitate understanding of the biological function of AChE (SjAChE) in S. japonicum. The protein has high sequence identity (88 %) with the AChEs in S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. bovis and has 25 % sequence similarity with human AChE, suggestive of a highly specialised role for the enzyme in both parasite and host. We immunolocalized SjAChE and demonstrated its presence on the surface of adult worms and schistosomula, as well as its lower expression in parenchymal regions. The relatively abundance of AChE activity (90 %) present on the surface of adult S. japonicum when compared with that reported in other schistosomes suggests SjAChE may be a more effective drug or immunological target against this species. We also demonstrate that the classical inhibitor of AChE, BW285c51, inhibited AChE activity in tegumental extracts of paired worms, single males and single females by 59, 22 and 50 %, respectively, after 24 h incubation with 200 μM BW284c51. CONCLUSIONS: These results build on previous studies in other schistosome species indicating major differences in the enzyme between parasite and mammalian host, and provide further support for the design of an anti-schistosome intervention targeting AChE

Participation without Negotiating: Influence of Stakeholder Power Imbalances and Engagement Models on Agricultural Policy Development in Uganda

Although the political context in Uganda exhibits democratic deficit and patronage, research and development actors have given little attention to the possible negative impact these may have on agricultural policymaking and implementation processes. This article examines the influence of power in perpetuating prevailing narratives around public participation in agricultural policymaking processes. The analysis is based on qualitative data collected between September 2014 and May 2015 using 86 in‐depth interviews, 18 focus group discussions, and recorded observations in stakeholder consultations. Results indicate that while the political setting provides space for uncensored debates, the policymaking process remains under close control of political leaders, technical personnel, and high‐level officers in the government. Policy negotiation remains limited to actors who are knowledgeable about the technical issues and those who have the financial resources and political power to influence decisions, such as international donors. There is limited space for negotiation of competing claims and interests in the processes by public and private actors actively engaged in agricultural development, production, processing, and trade. Thus, efforts to achieve good governance in policy processes fall short due to lack of approaches that promote co‐design and co‐ownership of the policies

Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition

Chronic diarrhoea is a common problem, hence clear guidance on investigations is required. This is an updated guideline from 2003 for the investigations of chronic diarrhoea commissioned by the Clinical Services and Standards Committee of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG). This document has undergone significant revision in content through input by 13 members of the Guideline Development Group (GDG) representing various institutions. The GRADE system was used to appraise the quality of evidence and grading of recommendations

Opportunities and pitfalls for researchers to contribute to the design of evidence-based agricultural policies: lessons from Uganda

Article purchased; Published online: 15 May 2018Agricultural policies in sub-Saharan Africa have paid insufficient attention to sustainable intensification. In Uganda, agricultural productivity has stagnated with aggregate increases in crop production being attributed to expansion of cultivated land area. To enhance sustainable crop intensification, the Ugandan Government collaborated with stakeholders to develop agricultural policies using an evidence-based approach. Previously, evidence-based decision-making tended to focus on the evidence base rather than evidence and its interactions within the broader policy context. We identify opportunities and pitfalls to strengthen science engagement in agricultural policy design by analysing the types of evidence required, and how it was shared and used during policy development. Qualitative tools captured stakeholders' perspectives of agricultural policies and their status in the policy cycle. Subsequent multi-level studies identified crop growth constraints and quantified yield gaps which were used to compute the economic analyses of policy options that subsequently contributed to sub-national program planning. The study identified a need to generate relevant evidence within a short time 'window' to influence policy design, power influence by different stakeholders and quality of stakeholder interaction. Opportunities for evidence integration surfaced at random phases of policy development due to researchers’ ’embededness’ within co-management and coordination structures

British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gut-brain interaction, affecting approximately 7% of individuals in the community, with most patients managed in primary care. The last British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guideline for the management of dyspepsia was published in 1996. In the interim, substantial advances have been made in understanding the complex pathophysiology of FD, and there has been a considerable amount of new evidence published concerning its diagnosis and classification, with the advent of the Rome IV criteria, and management. The primary aim of this guideline, commissioned by the BSG, is to review and summarise the current evidence to inform and guide clinical practice, by providing a practical framework for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of patients. The approach to investigating the patient presenting with dyspepsia is discussed, and efficacy of drugs in FD summarised based on evidence derived from a comprehensive search of the medical literature, which was used to inform an update of a series of pairwise and network meta-Analyses. Specific recommendations have been made according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. These provide both the strength of the recommendations and the overall quality of evidence. Finally, in this guideline, we consider novel treatments that are in development, as well as highlighting areas of unmet need and priorities for future research

Institutional Innovations for Building Impact-oriented Agricultural Research, Knowledge and Development Institutions

The central development question in African agriculture is how to catalyze a more competitive, equitable and sustainable agricultural growth within the context of smallholder production systems, inefficient agricultural marketing, inefficient investments by private sector amidst degradation prone natural resources base (Lynam and Blackie, 1994; IAC, 2004; World bank, 2006 ). Concerted scholarly analyses of Science and Technology (S&T) strategies have given birth to Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) an organizing concept of the Innovation Systems Approach (ISA) as the promise holder. It is hypothesized that the generation, diffusion and application of impactful innovations critically depend on systemic integration of knowledge systems that promote communication, interaction and cooperation between agricultural research, education, extension, farmers, private sector and policy regulatory systems. This paper examines how the different institutional innovations arising from various permutations of linkages and interactions of ARD organizations (national, international advanced agricultural research centres and universities) influenced the different outcomes in addressing identified ARD problems. A multi-institutional, multi-disciplinary phased Participatory Action Research approach was used to pool knowledge to address outstanding and emerging challenges in three countries (DRC, Rwanda and Uganda) with 2, 16 and 24 years out of conflict, respectively) of the Lake Kivu Pilot Learning Site. A landmark institutional innovation was the participatory establishment of twelve (12) Innovation Platforms as tools for pooling knowledge across the agricultural business, education, research and extension systems. The knowledge “pool” was to generate, diffuse and apply innovations to reduce transactions costs and create value chain based “win-win” situations. A number of innovations (e.g. International Public Goods-IPGs, market binding contracts, registered brands and/or certification processes, diversity, density and quality of networks/collective action, bulking centres, ICT application and depth of knowledge pools) were initiated. There were major breakthroughs which included bringing on board non-traditional private sector and policy maker partners, overcoming the predominant “farmer handout syndrome”, building consensus and addressing common interest challenge. Making markets work, bringing various stakeholders including universities to the community and vice-versa, appreciation of indigenous knowledge system, propelling collective soil and water conservation and demand/utilization of technologies hitherto on-shelf were other very significant breakthroughs. Sustainable operations of the Innovation Systems knowledge “pool” nurturing institutional learning were ensured through the availability of a “functional body”. The body undertook the social enterprise of organizing farmers and traders, facilitating/brokering ARD organization linkages by using multi-media to build social capital to overcome emergent knowledge, credit, market, technology and resource degradation challenges under different policy regulatory systems