city maps dreams art cartography planning

Abstract. The importance of cities becomes ever greater not only for the modification of the landscape, but also for the distribution of social classes. Poets, philosophers and artists have imagined ideal cities that could satisfy the need for a good quality of life for citizens. Since the most ancient civilizations poets and philosophers have imagined ideal cities, with road plots corresponding to the various social classes. In the final text I will describe some examples of ideal cities presented by Homer, especially in the description of the shield of Achilles, from Plato in the description of his Atlantis, etc. Atlantis (Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, "island of Atlas") is a fictional island mentioned in Plato's works Timaeus and Critias, where Plato represents the ideal state imagined in The Republic. The city depicted in the Homeric shield of Achilles, as an ideal form, centred and circular, competes with the other city scheme based on an orthogonal plan and linear structures. The form of the Homeric city has exerted a paradigmatic function for other cities in Greece and Rome. Among the best known images of ideal cities I will consider the Città del Sole (City of the Sun) by Tommaso Campanella and Utopia by Thomas More. There are many books of collection of paintings of cities (G Braun and F Hogenberg, 1966).The most complete and interesting is that of Caspar van Wittel or Gaspar van Wittel (1652 or 1653, Amersfoort &amp;ndash; September 13, 1736, Rome). He was a Dutch painter who played a remarkable role in the development of the veduta. He is credited with turning city topography into a painterly specialism in Italian art (G Briganti, 1996). A rich collection of maps of Rome in the books by Amato Pietro Frutaz. The city "liquid dimension" represents the complexities and contradictions of civic communities increasingly characterized by fragmentation and social unease.</p

THE CITIES OF THE AMERICAS IN MODERN TIMES: A CASE STUDY ON TOPONYMY

During the 19th and 20th centuries many Italian migrants set out for the Americas, where peoples from other European countries, such as Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, England, Ireland etc. had already established themselves. We have to make a distinctionbetween the migration typology of North and of South America. In North America the origin of the migrants was predominantly England and France, while in South America the first migrants were mainly Spanish and Portuguese. Different reasons should explain place names in the United States of America: (i) early presence of tribes and villages (a) Loan Translations, (b) Folk-etymologies; (c) Terms associated with Native American Culture and History, etc. (ii)place names referring to saints and religious sites, and names of distinguished persons (San Francisco, Washington respectively; (iii) the languages of the colonists and their place of origin (English, Spanish, French etc); (iv) classical and literary references (we can mention Athens in Georgia (a university city), Athens in Ohio(another university city); (v) mangling of European city names (in Maryland a patent was made out early as 1677 for a place to be called by the common English name Burleigh. Later it was spelled Berlin, although still accented on the first syllable); (vi) artificial assemblages (The name Losantville derives from L (Delaware-English Licking), os the Latin "mouth", anti, the Greek άντί, in front of" and ville, the French town)

Effect of cow diet on the ruminal microflora and its in vitro fatty acid production

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of donor’s cow diet (hay or maize silage plus concentrates) on ruminal bacteria count, flora diversity and fatty acids profile (FA) of ruminal fluid and in vitro biohydrogenation (BH) of C18:2. Two dry cows fitted with a ruminal canula were used in a 2x2 design. Each period included three weeks of diet adaptation and two weeks of sampling. The cows were fed twice daily either a diet (H) composed of grass (38%) and alfalfa hay (62%) or an acidogenic diet (A) composed of maize silage (38%), wheat (57%) and soybean (5%) meal. Ruminal fluid was sampled and centrifugated (150g, 5min., 39°C). The ruminal fluid (80mL) was mixed with 80mL of buffer, a fermentative substrate and grape seed oil as source of C18:2 before being incubated during 6 hours at 39°C in anaerobic and dark conditions. Biodiversity was estimated by the Simpson index modified by Haegeman et al.1 after SSCP analysis, and FA were analysed by GLC. Bacteria counting was realised according to Oblinger and Koburger2 (1975). Total and cellulolytic bacteria contents were higher in inoculum A than in inoculum H (9.3.109 vs. 2.4.108/mL for total bacteria and 2.4.108 vs. 1.6.107/mL for cellulolytic bacteria). No difference in the biodiversity of the inoculums was noticed according to the cow or the diet, but diversity during period 1 tended to differ (P=0.09) from period 2, suggesting a time variation of flora biodiversity. Before incubation, the ruminal fluid from the cow receiving diet A contained significantly (P<0.01) more C18:2, trans-10 and trans-11 C18:1, and odd-chain FA than inoculum from the cow receiving diet H. After incubation, inoculum A resulted in a significantly (P<0.01) greater BH of C18:2 than inoculum H, and produced more trans-10C18:1, trans-11C18:1 and odd-chain FA (P<0.01) Trans-10 and odd-chain FA are known to be increased by a high concentrate diet, which explains that inoculum A was richer in these FA than inoculum H. The ruminal flora selected in vivo by diet A continued the production of these FA in vitro. The greater content of trans-11C18:1 and of C18:2 in the inoculum A could be explained by the greater content in C18:2 of the diet A. During incubation with added C18:2, inoculum A continued to produce more trans-11 along with a higher C18:2 BH than inoculum H, which could be due to the higher concentration of cellulolytic bacteria in the inoculum A

Il carteggio tra Pietro Tacchi Venturi e Pasquale D'Elia per la nuova edizione delle Opere storiche del P. Matteo Ricci

EnThe contribution reports the transcription of the correspondence between Pietro Tacchi Venturi SJ and Pasquale D'Elia SJ in the years 1931-1937 regarding the publication of the new edition of the Opere storiche del P. Matteo Ricci S.I. The transcribed letters are the result of the selection made between the documents contained in the folder of the Affari series of the P. Pietro Tacchi Venturi SJ fund at the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu. The article aims to report to the scientific community the existence of a little-known source that, through the direct testimony of the two protagonists of the story, can contribute to the knowledge of some aspects of the publishing initiative.ItIl contributo riporta la trascrizione della corrispondenza tra Pietro Tacchi Venturi SJ e Pasquale D'Elia SJ negli anni 1931-1937 in merito alla pubblicazione della nuova edizione delle Opere storiche del P. Matteo Ricci S.I. Le lettere trascritte sono il risultato della selezione operata tra i documenti contenuti nell'omonimo fascicolo della serie Affari del fondo P. Pietro Tacchi Venturi SJ presso l'Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu. L'articolo ha l'obiettivo di segnalare alla comunità scientifica l'esistenza di una fonte poco nota che, attraverso la testimonianza diretta dei due protagonisti della vicenda, possa contribuire alla conoscenza di alcuni aspetti dell'iniziativa editoriale

Study on the nutrient adequacy of feeds for pet rabbits available in the Italian market

[EN] This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition and nutritional adequacy of six complete commercial feeds for pet rabbits available in the Italian market. Wide variability was observed in the chemical composition of the complete feeds selected. Two feeds exceeded crude protein recommended level (172 g/kg and 182 g/kg), whereas 50% of the diets selected did not meet the minimal crude fibre requirements of 130 g/kg. The estimated digestible energy (DE) showed an oversupply in five feeds, attributable to high starch content (from 195 to 380 g/kg) in four of them. Fat levels resulted adequate in all feeds (between 10 and 50 g/kg), whereas a wide variability was observed in fatty acid (FA) composition. All feeds were deficient in phosphorus (<5 g/kg) and three of them also in calcium (<8 g/kg). All feeds were below the minimal vitamin E requirements (<40 mg/kg). One feed showed an aflatoxin B1 content of 11.36 ¿g/kg which is slightly higher than the European recommended maximum amount of 10 ¿g/kg. The six pet rabbit feeds obtained from the Italian market did not fulfil the nutrient requirements for pet rabbits and feeding animals with these products might produce detrimental health effects in the long term.Ricci, R.; Sartori, A.; Palagiano, C.; Dalle Zotte, A. (2010). Study on the nutrient adequacy of feeds for pet rabbits available in the Italian market. World Rabbit Science. 18(3). doi:10.4995/wrs.2010.753218

Electronic witness system in IVF—patients perspective

Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate patient concerns about in vitro fertilization (IVF) errors and electronic witness systems (EWS) satisfaction. Design The design of this study is a prospective single-center cohort study. Setting The setting of this study was located in the private IVF center. Patient(s) Four hundred eight infertile patients attending an IVF cycle at a GENERA center in Italy were equipped with an EWS. Intervention(s) Although generally recognized as a very rare event in IVF, biological sample mix-up has been reported in the literature. For this reason, some IVF laboratories have introduced EWS with the aim to further reduce the risk of error during biological samples handling. Participating patients received a questionnaire developed through a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 6. Main outcomes measure(s) Patient concerns about sample mix-up without and with an EWS were assessed. Result(s) 90.4 % of patients expressed significant concerns relating to sample mix-up. The EWS reduced these concerns in 92.1 % of patients, 97.1 % of which were particularly satisfied with the electronic traceability of their gametes and embryos in the IVF laboratory. 97.1 % of patients felt highly comfortable with an IVF center equipped with an EWS. Female patients had a significantly higher appreciation of the EWS when compared to their male partners (p = 0.029). A significant mix-up event occurred in an Italian hospital during the study and patient's satisfaction increased significantly towards the use of the EWS after the event (p = 0.032). Conclusion(s) EWS, by sensibly reducing the risk for sample mix-up in IVF cycles, has been proved to be a trusted strategy from patient's perspective

Ovarian surgery for bilateral endometriomas influences age at menopause.

BACKGROUND: Questions remain as to whether surgical excision of ovarian endometriomas might cause damage to ovarian function. To test the hypothesis that ovarian surgery for endometrioma compromises ovarian function and accelerates ovarian failure. METHODS: In a tertiary university Clinic, longitudinal prospective cohort study. Patients who underwent laparoscopy for endometriosis between March 1993 and November 2007 were assessed for inclusion in the study. A prospective follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months then yearly was conducted. Evolution of menstrual pattern, symptoms and reproductive outcomes were investigated. RESULTS: From over the 14-year period, 302 patients were included in the study. The mean age (±SD) of patients was 32.6 ± 5.6 years; the median duration of follow-up was 8.5 years (range 2-17 years). Menopause was documented in 43 women (14.3%) at a mean age of 45.3 ± 4.3 years (range 32-52 years). Women previously submitted to bilateral cystectomy were younger at menopause than those with monolateral endometrioma (42.1 ± 5.1 years versus 47.1 ± 3.5 years, P = 0.003). Premature ovarian failure (POF) was observed in 7 of 43 (16.3%) menopausal patients; the majority (4, 57.1%) after bilateral cystectomy. The relationship between the preoperative ovarian endometriomas total diameter and menopausal age was significant in case of surgery for bilateral endometriomas (R(2) = 0.754, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who had been operated on for bilateral endometriomas have an increased risk of POF. Ovarian parenchyma loss at the time of surgery seems related to cyst diameter. In the case of unilateral ovarian endometrioma, the contralateral intact ovary might adequately compensate