ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FRESH WATER CRAB AND SNAIL AND ISOLATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES FROM HAEMOLYMPH BY SDS – PAGE

Objective: The present study was undertaken to characterize antimicrobial molecules from the fresh water snail and crab.Methods: Collection of haemolymph, preparation of extracts, antimicrobial activity, TLC analysis, SDS PAGE analysis.Results: The result of the present investigation reported that the fresh water snail (Pomacea insularium) and crab (Callinectes sapidus) having remarkable antimicrobial activity in methanol, di-ethyl ether and water extracts. Antimicrobial activity was high in di-ethyl ether extracts of the snail against Streptococcus sp. (37.16±0.76 mm) and methanol extract of crab against E. coli (32.16±0.28 mm). The MIC of extracts ranges between 5 µl to 30 µl methanol extract of both snail and crab inhibited the growth of organisms at very low concentration. Biomolecules from the extract was separated by TLC. The molecular mass of the peptide was determined by SDS PAGE. Peptides from snail and crab haemolymph were ranges in 9 to 110 and 40 to 100 kDa respectively.Conclusion: The present findings suggest that fresh water crab and snail having good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microbes. Therefore they can be used to treat many pathogenic infections.Â

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized extracellularly by soil micro flora

The microbes used to synthesize the silver nanoparticles were isolated from the soil and identified as E.coli, Pseudomonas sp, Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp and Actinomycetes sp. All the isolated organisms were cultured in broth medium and used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles extracellularly by adding 3 -10mm AgNO3. The presence of extracellular silver nanoparticles were identified by UV – visible spectrophotometer (380-420nm) and particle size investigation. Most of the microbial synthesized products are susceptible for Proteus sp. Bioactive particles from E.coli and Actinomycetes sp. were found to be best against Klebsiella sp. The active molecule from Pseudomonas sp and Penicillium sp. showed very good sensitivity pattern against Proteus sp. The molecules formed by Aspergillus sp. showed higher sensitivity against Enterobacter sp. Among the three bacterial and two fungal species, the silver nanoparticles from the fungal organisms showed the better result against pathogens.Gümüş nanopartiküllerini sentezlemek için kullanılan mikroplar toprak ortamından izole edilmiş ve E.coli, Pseudomonas sp, Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp and Actinomycetes sp olarak tanımlanmıştır. İzole edilen bütün organizmalar et suyu ortamında kültürlenmiş ve 3 -10mm AgNO3 eklenerek hücre dışı gümüş partiküllerin sentezi için kullanılmıştır. Hücre dışı gümüş partiküllerin varlığı, UV Vis (380-420nm)ve partikül boyut incelemesiyle belirlenmiştir. Mikrobiyal sentezlenen ürünlerin çoğu, Proteus sp.’ye duyarlıdır. E.coli and Actinomycetes sp.’den kaynaklanan biyoaktif partiküller Klebsiella sp.’ye karşı en iyi olarak bulunmuştur. Pseudomonas sp ve Penicillium sp türlerinden kaynaklanan aktif molekül Proteus sp’ye oldukça duyarlı bir durum sergilemiştir. Aspergillus sp. Tarafından oluşan moleküller Enterobacter sp.’ye karşı yüksek duyarlılık göstermiştir. Üç bakteri ve iki mantar türleri arasında mantarlardan kaynaklanan gümüş partiküller patojenlere karşı daha iyi sonuç vermiştir

FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF WHOLE PLANT OF Calycopteris floribunda (Lam.): AN IN-VITRO EVALUATION

 Objective: The present research was subjected to screen the free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of whole plant of Calycopterisfloribunda by different in-vitro models.Methods: The antioxidant activity was evaluated by hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity with referencestandard ascorbate and total phenol content respectively.Results: An inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) value was found ethyl acetate extract of C. floribunda is more effective in hydroxyl radical scavengingactivity than that of methanolic and petroleum ether extract. The IC50 values of ethyl acetate extract of C. floribunda and ascorbate were found to be530 μg/ml and 410 μg/ml respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of C. floribunda was found more effective in the nitric oxide scavenging activity. TheIC50 values of ethyl acetate extract of C. floribunda and ascorbate were found to be 570 μg/ml and 410 μg/ml respectively. But when compared to allthe three extracts with ascorbate (standard), the ethyl acetate extract of C. floribunda showed the better result. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract ofC. floribunda was found to contain a noticeable amount of total phenols, which play a major role in controlling antioxidants. The results were observedin a concentration dependent manner.Conclusion: Our findings revealed that ethyl acetate extract of C. floribunda possesses interesting antioxidant activity, which may provide productionagainst free radicals induced damage to biomolecules.Keywords: Calycopteris floribunda, Antioxidant, Ascorbate, Scavenging activity, Inhibitory concentration 50%

Studies on crystal growth, experimental, structural, DFT, optical, thermal and biological studies of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde single crystals

The organic 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde single crystal has been grown by the slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) study shows that the grown crystal belongs to a monoclinic crystal system with centrosymmetric space group P21/c. The spectral analysis of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde calculations was performed with the help of DFT at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) level of theory. The experimental results of FTIR and FT-Raman were compared with the computational results. Detailed interpretations of the vibrational spectra were carried out with the aid of vibrational energy distribution analysis using potential energy distribution (PED) analysis and vibrational wavenumber scaled by the WLS (Wavenumber Linear Scaling) method. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was carried out to identify intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The optical properties of the grown crystal were analyzed by UV–Visible studies. Photoluminescence studies show that the high-intensity peak observed around 410 nm. The laser damage threshold value of the grown crystal has been determined using an Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm. The HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) – LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) was used to identify the energy gap. Hirshfeld Surface (HS) analysis was used to determine the intermolecular interactions. The thermal properties of the grown crystal were performed by Thermogravimetric (TG) and Differential thermal analyses (DTA). The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The surface morphology of the grown crystal was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. The antibacterial and antifungal studies were analyzed

HPTLC PROFILE OF QUERCETIN IN THREE CULTIVARS OF Allium cepa AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST BACTERIAL CULTURES

Objective: This study was subjected to analyse the technique for the determination of quercetin, a flavonoid in onion (Allium cepa L.) from three different cultivars of bulb onion (O1, O2 and O3) which were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water. Also this study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of four solvent extracts of three onion cultivars against ten MTCC bacterial pathogens.Methods: Quercetin in onion was determined by analytical technique, HPTLC and the antimicrobial activity was performed by well diffusion method.Result: Quercetin was determined in all the three cultivars with Rf value 0.68.  Quercetin was also extracted in all the four solvent extracts of onion cultivars. Apart from quercetin, few more compounds also isolated.  More compounds were isolated in O3. In the determination of antimicrobial activity of onion extracts against MTCC cultures revealed that all the three onion cultivars were highly active against Staphylococcus aureus, it showed more than 25mm zone of inhibition.  Among the three onion cultivars, O2 showed better antimicrobial activity against all the tested bacterial cultures. Conclusion: This study showed that onion has good broad spectrum bioactivity against microorganisms revealed that it contains phytochemicals which can be used as neutraceuticals.Keywords: Phytochemicals, High-performance thin layer chromatography, Onion, Quercetin, Antimicrobial activity, Microbial type culture collectioncultures

SYNTHESIS OF NANOFIBRE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM COELOMIC FLUID OF EARTHWORM, EUDRILUS EUGENIAE AND PONTOSCOLEX CORETHRURUS AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL POTENCY

Nanotechnology is also referred to the ability for designing, characterization, production and application of structures. An increasingly common application is the use of silver nanoparticles and nanofibers for antimicrobial coatings, wound dressings, and biomedical devices.  In this recent world earthworms are showing the excellent scale in the medical field. In this present paper we have collected Eudrilus eugeniae, and Pontoscolex corethrurus to harvest the coelomic fluid from the earthworm for the synthesis of silver nanopaticles and nanofibers. Nanofibers are synthesized using human collagen and poly lactic acid. Coelomic fluid and Ag NPS was investigated for antibacterial activity and haemolytic activity.  Haemolytic activity of Eudrilus eugeniae was observed even in low quantity of coelomic fluid and haemolysis was observed for Pontoscolex corethrurus only in high quantity of fluid. The antimicrobial activity was found high in all types of earthworms. But nanoparticles from coelomic fluid showed higher activity than the coelomic fluid. Nanofibres from coelomic fluid does not showed any bioactivity against pathogens. Ag NPS was confirmed by the colour reduced to form brown and by UV-visible spectrum in the range of 400 to 430nm. Protein profile was investigated by the SDS-PAGE and the molecular weight was determined as 200KDa.  From this study we conclude that the coelomic fluid from earthworm can be used as therapeutic agent. Keyword: Ag NPS, Nanofibers, Haemolysis, UV-visible spectrum, SDS-PAG