La nueva justicia tributaria en Chile: Reforma a los Tribunales Tributarios.

59 p.El primer capitulo aborda los conceptos básicos para comprender la composición de la actual justicia tributaria. Señalando los conceptos básicos que la componen, como la estructura de conocimiento de materias tributarias por los tribunales de Justicia. El capitulo segundo, trata la actual situación de lo contencioso administrativo en Chile, además de señalar la actual situación de los tribunales tributarios y un análisis de constitucionalidad de los mismos, finalizando con una enumeración de los actuales procedimientos tributarios de primera instancia. En el capitulo tercero, trataremos la composición de los tribunales tributarios en el derecho comparado, mas específicamente en Argentina, España y Venezuela. Finalmente, en el capitulo cuarto explicamos el origen del proyecto de ley que fortalece y perfecciona la justicia tributaria, señalando los principales elementos que, nos parece, debieran ser modificados, a fin de dar curso a la tan esperada reforma de una manera que nos permita evitar futuros inconvenientes

From consumers to prosumers: the transmedia storytelling in two mobile games for adolescents and young people

En las últimas décadas, los juegos digitales se han convertido en parte esencial de la cultura de los adolescentes y jóvenes. Los consumidores de contenidos de estas plataformas se han incrementado notablemente, así como los estudios en torno a ellos. El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en analizar los contenidos generados por los usuarios en los juegos móviles Episode: Choose Your Story y Choices: Stories You Play, los cuales poseen una gran cantidad de usuarios jóvenes que difunden y expanden las historias a través de las redes sociales más importantes. Se realizaron dos estudios de casos sobre la estructura de las narrativas transmedia de estos juegos y se empleó una metodología cualitativa basada en el análisis narrativo y el análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican que, si bien ambos juegos expanden las historias en diversas plataformas, la presencia de un laboratorio de escritura por parte de Episode genera un comportamiento más delimitado en los usuarios en comparación con Choices, el cual brinda una mayor posibilidad de convertir a los consumidores en prosumidores. La enorme comunidad de fans en torno a estos juegos, corrobora la importancia de las narrativas expandidas en distintos medios.In the last decades, digital games have become an essential part of young people’s culture. Consumers on these platforms have increased noticeably, just like the studies focused on them. The objective of this research is to analyze the user generated content in the mobile games ‘Episode: Choose Your Story’ and ‘Choices: Stories You Play’ which have a large number of young users who spread and expand the stories to the most important social media. There were conducted two case studies on the structure of the storytelling of these games and a qualitative methodology was used based on narrative analysis and content analysis. The results indicate that although both games expand the stories on various platforms, the presence of Episode’s writing laboratory produces a more defined behavior in the users compared to Choices, which offers a greater possibility of transforming consumers into prosumers. The huge fan’s community for these games corroborates the importance of the expanded narratives in different media

PHF-Core Tau as the Potential Initiating Event for Tau Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease

FUNDING This work was supported by Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia, FONDOCyT, from the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Dominican Republic (2015- 3A2-127 to MP-H and 2018-2019-2A3-208 to JL-M and MP-H). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We want to express our gratitude to the following: Dr. P. Davies (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States) and Lester I. Binder† (North Western, Chicago, IL, United States) for the generous gifts of mAbs TG3 and Alz-50, and Tau-1, Tau-5, and Tau-7, respectively; Tec. Amparo Viramontes Pintos for the handling of the brain tissue; Samadhi Moreno-Campuzano for her technical assistance/support in the confocal microscopy unit of CIIDIR Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Union Medical University Clinic, Dominican Republic, for their support and collaboration in the development of this research project. We also want to express our gratitude to the Mexican families who have donated the brain of their loved ones affected with Alzheimer’s disease and made our research possible. This work is dedicated to the memory of Professor Dr. José Raúl Mena López† .Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Differential leukocyte expression of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and COVID-19

Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins mediate protection against enveloped viruses by blocking membrane fusion at endosomes. IFITM1 and IFITM3 are crucial for protection against influenza, and various single nucleotide polymorphisms altering their function have been linked to disease susceptibility. However, bulk IFITM1 and IFITM3 mRNA expression dynamics and their correlation with clinical outcomes have not been extensively addressed in patients with respiratory infections. In this study, we evaluated the expression of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in peripheral leukocytes from healthy controls and individuals with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Comparisons between participants grouped according to their clinical characteristics, underlying disease, and outcomes showed that the downregulation of IFITM1 was a distinctive characteristic of severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) that correlated with outcomes, including mortality. Conversely, increased IFITM3 expression was a common feature of severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and COVID-19. Using a high-dose murine model of infection, we confirmed not only the downregulation of IFITM1 but also of IFITM3 in the lungs of mice with severe influenza, as opposed to humans. Analyses in the comparative cohort also indicate the possible participation of IFITM3 in COVID-19. Our results add to the evidence supporting a protective function of IFITM proteins against viral respiratory infections in humans.Introduction Methods - Human samples - IFITM expression in humans - Influenza infection in mice - IFITM expression in mice - Cytokine levels in mouse lungs - Study approval - Statistical analysis Results - Participant characteristics - IFITM1 and IFITM3 in patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) - High-dose influenza A (H1N1) virus infection downregulates IFITM expression in mice - IFITM1 and IFITM3 in severe COVID-19 Discussio

Molecular Processing of Tau Protein in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy : Neuronal and Glial Degeneration

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, FONDOCyT, from the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Dominican Republic (2015-3A2-127 to MP-H) and (2018-2019-2A3-208 to JL-M and MP-H). The authors want to express their gratitude to the following: Dr. P. Davies† (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA) and Lester I. Binder† (North Western, Chicago, IL, USA) for the generous gift of mAbs TG–3 and Alz–50, and Tau–1, Tau–5 and Tau–7, respectively; Tec. Amparo Viramontes Pintos for the handling of the brain tissue; support in the confocal microscopy unit of CIIDIR Durango, Instituto Politecnico Nacional; Union Medica Uni- A. Mart´ınez-Maldonado et al. / Molecular Processing of Tau Protein in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 1529 versity Clinic, Dominican Republic, for their support and collaboration in the development of this research project. We also want to express our gratitude to the Mexican families who have donated the brain of their loved ones affected with Alzheimer’s disease and made our research possible. This work is dedicated to the memory of Professor Dr. Jose Ra ´ ul Mena L ´ opez ´ †. †Deceased. Authors’ disclosures available online (https:// www.j-alz.com/manuscript-disclosures/20-1139r2).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Cooperation and its evolution in growing systems with cultural reproduction

We explore the evolution of cooperation in the framework of the evolutionary game theory using the prisoner's dilemma as metaphor of the problem. We present a minimal model taking into account the growing process of the systems and individuals with imitation capacity. We consider the topological structure and the evolution of strategies decoupled instead of a coevolutionary dynamic. We show conditions to build up a cooperative system with real topological structures for any natural selection intensity. When the system starts to grow, cooperation is unstable but becomes stable as soon as the system reaches a small core of cooperators whose size increase when the intensity of natural selection decreases. Thus, we reduce the emergence of cooperative systems with cultural reproduction to justify a small initial cooperative structure that we call cooperative seed. Otherwise, given that the system grows principally as cooperator whose cooperators inhabit the most linked parts of the system, the benefit-cost ratio required for cooperation evolve is drastically reduced compared to the found in static networks. In this way, we show that in systems whose individuals have imitation capacity the growing process is essential for the evolution of cooperation.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1111.247

Radial evolution of the April 2020 stealth coronal mass ejection between 0.8 and 1 AU - Comparison of Forbush decreases at Solar Orbiter and near the Earth

Aims. We present observations of the first coronal mass ejection (CME) observed at the Solar Orbiter spacecraft on April 19, 2020, and the associated Forbush decrease (FD) measured by its High Energy Telescope (HET). This CME is a multispacecraft event also seen near Earth the next day. Methods. We highlight the capabilities of HET for observing small short-term variations of the galactic cosmic ray count rate using its single detector counters. The analytical ForbMod model is applied to the FD measurements to reproduce the Forbush decrease at both locations. Input parameters for the model are derived from both in situ and remote-sensing observations of the CME. Results. The very slow (~350 km/s) stealth CME caused a FD with an amplitude of 3 % in the low-energy cosmic ray measurements at HET and 2 % in a comparable channel of the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, as well as a 1 % decrease in neutron monitor measurements. Significant differences are observed in the expansion behavior of the CME at different locations, which may be related to influence of the following high speed solar wind stream. Under certain assumptions, ForbMod is able to reproduce the observed FDs in low-energy cosmic ray measurements from HET as well as CRaTER, but with the same input parameters, the results do not agree with the FD amplitudes at higher energies measured by neutron monitors on Earth. We study these discrepancies and provide possible explanations. Conclusions. This study highlights that the novel measurements of the Solar Orbiter can be coordinated with other spacecraft to improve our understanding of space weather in the inner heliosphere. Multi-spacecraft observations combined with data-based modeling are also essential to understand the propagation and evolution of CMEs as well as their space weather impacts

First year of energetic particle measurements in the inner heliosphere with Solar Orbiter's Energetic Particle Detector

Context. Solar Orbiter strives to unveil how the Sun controls and shapes the heliosphere and fills it with energetic particle radiation. To this end, its Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) has now been in operation, providing excellent data, for just over a year. Aims. EPD measures suprathermal and energetic particles in the energy range from a few keV up to (near-) relativistic energies (few MeV for electrons and about 500 MeV nuc−1 for ions). We present an overview of the initial results from the first year of operations and we provide a first assessment of issues and limitations. In addition, we present areas where EPD excels and provides opportunities for significant scientific progress in understanding how our Sun shapes the heliosphere. Methods. We used the solar particle events observed by Solar Orbiter on 21 July and between 10 and 11 December 2020 to discuss the capabilities, along with updates and open issues related to EPD on Solar Orbiter. We also give some words of caution and caveats related to the use of EPD-derived data. Results. During this first year of operations of the Solar Orbiter mission, EPD has recorded several particle events at distances between 0.5 and 1 au from the Sun. We present dynamic and time-averaged energy spectra for ions that were measured with a combination of all four EPD sensors, namely: the SupraThermal Electron and Proton sensor (STEP), the Electron Proton Telescope (EPT), the Suprathermal Ion Spectrograph (SIS), and the High-Energy Telescope (HET) as well as the associated energy spectra for electrons measured with STEP and EPT. We illustrate the capabilities of the EPD suite using the 10 and 11 December 2020 solar particle event. This event showed an enrichment of heavy ions as well as 3He, for which we also present dynamic spectra measured with SIS. The high anisotropy of electrons at the onset of the event and its temporal evolution is also shown using data from these sensors. We discuss the ongoing in-flight calibration and a few open instrumental issues using data from the 21 July and the 10 and 11 December 2020 events and give guidelines and examples for the usage of the EPD data. We explain how spacecraft operations may affect EPD data and we present a list of such time periods in the appendix. A list of the most significant particle enhancements as observed by EPT during this first year is also provided.Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadAgencia Estatal de Investigació

Discovery of the bright trans-Neptunian object 2000 EB173

We describe the discovery circumstances and photometric properties of 2000 EB173, now one of the brightest trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with opposition magnitude mR = 18.9 and also one of the largest Plutinos, found with the drift-scanning camera of the Quasar Equatorial Survey Team, attached to the 1 m Schmidt telescope of the National Observatory of Venezuela. We measure B-V = 0.99 ± 0.14 and V-R = 0.57 ± 0.05, a red color observed for many fainter TNOs. At our magnitude limit mK = 20.1 ± 0.20, our single detection reveals a sky density of 0.015+0.034-0.012 TNOs per square degree (the error bars are 68% confidence limits), consistent with fainter surveys showing a cumulative number proportional to 100.5mR. Assuming an inclination distribution of TNOs with FWHM exceeding 30°, it is likely that 100 to several hundred objects brighter than mR = 20.1 remain to be discovered