Bot para evaluación colaborativa de ejercicios orales

En el sistema educativo se lleva realizando el mismo tipo de sistema de evaluación desde hace mucho tiempo. El profesor realiza un examen escrito para el cual el alumno debe estudiar de un libro de texto. Este método puede ser tedioso y no representar realmente lo que sabe el alumno. Puede estudiar para un día y al día siguiente no acordarse de nada. Como no podría ser de otra forma, la tecnología puede cambiar completamente este sistema. Utilizando un dispositivo que, hoy en día, todo el mundo tenemos. Un smartphone. A través del smartphone un profesor podría evaluar a un alumno a través de un sistema de preguntas y respuestas. Lo que se indica no sería muy distinto al sistema de exámenes impuesto hasta ahora, pero un smartphone tiene muchísimas más opciones que un bolígrafo y un trozo de papel. Tiene una cámara de fotos, puede reproducir vídeos, un sistema gps, bluetooth, micrófono, etc.. Existen miles de formas de aprovechar estas opciones, pero en este proyecto se centra en dos: la capacidad de poder grabar voz y la de compartir información a través de Internet en menos de 1 segundo

EVOLUCIÓN DEL SERVICIO DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA DURANTE LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA.

Este documento presenta un análisis de los efectos de las reformas introducidas por la Constitución de 1991 y por la Ley 142 de 1994 sobre el desempeño del sector de energía eléctrica. Incluye una descripción de esas reformas y del actual marco institucional y regulatorio del sector. El documento analiza la evolución de las realidades institucionales y regulatorias del sector de energía y sus efectos sobre la financiación, las tarifas, la cobertura y la calidad del servicio. También presenta información relativa a la contribución del sector de energía eléctrica a la economía nacional. Finalmente, se presentan una serie de conclusiones y de retos futuros del sector.Servicios Públicos

Corruption and entrepreneurship: A bibliometric analysis

The impact of corruption on entrepreneurial dynamics became an attractive topic for scholars after the appearance of public scandals that led to the delegitimization of many governments in the last 40 years. The research that explored the relationship between corruption and entrepreneurship has produced controversial results. It appears that the interaction of these two constructs is influenced by contextual factors both at an individual and national level of analysis. By using a bibliometric methodology and a fractional counting method to analyse the scientific literature on corruption and entrepreneurship, this paper identifies and analyses 180 articles recorded in the Scopus database. It represents a contribution by showing the state of the art of research on corruption and entrepreneurship and proposes future lines of research. Important results have been found about the evolution of the volume of articles and citations on this topic over time. Significant academic interest in this field commenced in the 21st century, and more specifically in the last ten years. This work also provides findings about the most prolific journals, institutions and authors, as well as the most relevant countries, with the United States and United Kingdom leading in terms of the number of publications. In addition, an in-depth analysis of authors' keywords has identified different trends, such as institutions, economic growth, shadow economy, regulation, Africa, culture, economic development, business environment, and informal economy. Finally, some future research lines are proposed, such as institutional theory, tax morale, corruption perceptions, European regions, risk aversion and institutional entrepreneurship

Lack of Association between BRAF Mutation and MAPK ERK Activation in Melanocytic Nevi

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway can be activated through mutations of V-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) oncogene, frequently found in melanoma (60%), common nevi (CN) (73–82%), and atypical nevi (AN) (52–80%). MAPK activation has been reported between 0 and 22% in nevi, and 86% of primary melanoma, without any knowledge of BRAF mutational status. We studied the correlation of MAPK activation status, BRAF mutation, and B-Raf expression in CN, AN, and melanoma. Using immunohistochemistry, phosphorylated (active) MAPK and B-Raf expression was studied in 24 CN, 21 AN, and 26 primary cutaneous melanomas (PM). BRAF mutations at codon 600 were assessed by PCR-RFLP. Active MAPK was detected in 29% of CN, 48% of AN, and 85% of PM. BRAF mutation was found in 67% of CN, 62% of AN, and 58% of PM. In all, 23% of CN, 54% of AN, and 93% of PM with BRAF mutation have activated MAPK. All lesions expressed B-Raf. BRAF mutation does not seem to be sufficient to produce MAPK activation in melanocytic nevi, and it is suggested that other events are needed to induce MAPK activation, that is, B-Raf overexpression, inhibition of MAPK phosphatases, or suppression of RAF kinase inhibitors

Ibero-American Research on Local Development. An Analysis of Its Evolution and New Trends

Local development is a subject that arouses significant interest in the international scientific community in general, and in the Ibero-American one, in particular. The process of globalization has transformed the management of local development, altering the role that is played by local and regional entities, and it is the object of an important follow-up and analysis by academia. This research uses a bibliometric methodology and a fractional counting method, reviewing the 738 articles from the Scopus database in order to understand the state of Ibero-American research on local development, and analyze the scientific literature on the topic. The results show a significant increase in the number of publications in the 21st century, with Spain and Brazil leading the way. In addition, this research provides interesting results regarding the most influential authors on this topic, the most relevant journals, and the most important institutions and funding organizations. There are several areas of knowledge involved since local development is a transversal field, such as Social Science, environment, business, economics, and agriculture. A deep analysis of authors’ keywords identified new trends, linking local development with tourism, education, geotourism, climate change, local sustainable development, social innovation, and creativity, which provides academia with potential new lines of research

The Expansion of Higher Education in Colombia : Bad Students or Bad Programs?

Rapid expansion in the demand for post-secondary education triggered an unprecedented boom of higher education programs in Colombia, possibly deteriorating quality. This paper uses rich administrative data matching school admission information, wages and detailed socio-economic characteristics of the young graduates, and standardized test scores pre- and post-tertiary education, to assess the heterogeneity in the value added generated by higher education programs. Our findings show that once we account for self-selection, the penalty of attending a recently created program that initially appeared to be large becomes much smaller, and close to zero

Equivariant extensions of differential forms for non-compact Lie groups

Consider a manifold endowed with the action of a Lie group. We study the relation between the cohomology of the Cartan complex and the equivariant cohomology by using the equivariant De Rham complex developed by Getzler, and we show that the cohomology of the Cartan complex lies on the 0-th row of the second page of a spectral sequence converging to the equivariant cohomology. We use this result to generalize a result of Witten on the equivalence of absence of anomalies in gauge WZW actions on compact Lie groups to the existence of equivariant extension of the WZW term, to the case on which the gauge group is the special linear group with real coefficients.Comment: 14 pages, revised version. To appear in the Proceedings of the Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Mathematics Department at CINVESTAV Mexic