Diferencias culturales en marketing internacional: una aproximación a partir del caso de la publicidad de McDonald´s

El objetivo de este trabajo es la realización de un estudio comparativo en base a las diferencias culturales. Se resaltará la importancia de conocer el mercado y las necesidades, preferencias y patrones de consumo de un país desde un enfoque cultural. El trabajo servirá para ayudar a identificar, estudiar, comprender y desarrollar las diferentes estrategias acordes a la cultura donde se hará negocio. Se explicarán los diferentes estudios que clasifican la variable cultura. Por último, en el estudio empírico de este trabajo, se analizarán diferentes anuncios publicitarios de distintos países de la empresa McDonald’s y se clasificarán para ver cual de las clasificaciones anteriores se aprecia mejor.Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresa

Removing redundancy for attribute implications in data with grades

Reasoning with if-then rules –in particular, with those taking from of implications between conjunctions of attributes– is crucial in many disciplines ranging from theoretical computer science to applications. One of the most important problems regarding the rules is to remove redundancies in order to obtain equivalent implicational sets with lower size.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Robustness of Pseudomonas 1 putida KT2440 as a host for ethanol 2 biosynthesis

Expansion of the burgeoning biofuels agenda involves not only the design of suitable genetic and metabolic devices but also their deployment into suitable hosts that can endure the stress brought about by the products themselves. The microorganisms easiest to genetically manipulate for these endeavours (e.g., Escherichia coli) are often afflicted by an undesirable sensitivity to the very product that they are engineered to synthesize. In this context, we have examined the resistance to the stress arising from ethanol synthesis and/or its addition to cultures of recombinant Pseudomonas putida, using as a benchmark the same trait in an E. coli strain. To this end, ethanologenic strains of these two species were constructed by functionally expressing pdc (pyruvate decarboxylase) and adhB (alcohol dehydrogenase) from Zymomonas mobilis. Recombinants were compared under anoxic conditions as ethanol producers, and cell survival, stress resistance, and phenotypic stability were quantified in each case. P. putida consistently outperformed E. coli in every ethanol tolerance test conducted – whether the alcohol was produced endogenously or added exogenously. These results highlight the value of such bacterium as a microbial cell factory for the production of biofuels owing to its naturally preevolved ability to withstand different kinds of chemical stresses.This study was supported by the BIO Program of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the ST-FLOW and ARIAYS Contracts of the EU, and the PROMT Project of the CAM.Peer reviewe

From an implicational system to its corresponding D-basis

Closure system is a fundamental concept appearing in several areas such as databases, formal concept analysis, artificial intelligence, etc. It is well-known that there exists a connection between a closure operator on a set and the lattice of its closed sets. Furthermore, the closure system can be replaced by a set of implications but this set has usually a lot of redundancy inducing non desired properties. In the literature, there is a common interest in the search of the mini- mality of a set of implications because of the importance of bases. The well-known Duquenne-Guigues basis satisfies this minimality condition. However, several authors emphasize the relevance of the optimality in order to reduce the size of implications in the basis. In addition to this, some bases have been defined to improve the computation of closures relying on the directness property. The efficiency of computation with the direct basis is achieved due to the fact that the closure is computed in one traversal. In this work, we focus on the D-basis, which is ordered-direct. An open problem is to obtain it from an arbitrary implicational system, so it is our aim in this paper. We introduce a method to compute the D-basis by means of minimal generators calculated using the Simplification Logic for implications.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Supported by Grants TIN2011-28084 and TIN2014-59471-P of the Science and Innovation Ministry of Spain, which is co-financed by the European Social Fund

CAISL: Simplification Logic for Conditional Attribute Implications

In this work, we present a sound and complete axiomatic system for conditional attribute implications (CAIs) in Triadic Concept Analysis (TCA). Our approach is strongly based on the Simplification paradigm which offers a more suitable way for automated reasoning than the one based on Armstrong’s Axioms. We also present an automated method to prove the derivability of a CAI from a set of CAI s.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

The disruption of mitochondrial axonal transport is an early event in neuroinflammation

Background: in brain inflammatory diseases, axonal damage is one of the most critical steps in the cascade that leads to permanent disability. Thus, identifying the initial events triggered by inflammation or oxidative stress that provoke axonal damage is critical for the development of neuroprotective therapies. Energy depletion due to mitochondrial dysfunction has been postulated as an important step in the damage of axons. This prompted us to study the effects of acute inflammation and oxidative stress on the morphology, transport, and function of mitochondria in axons. Methods: mouse cerebellar slice cultures were challenged with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) ex vivo for 24 h. Axonal mitochondrial morphology was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mitochondrial transportation by time-lapse imaging. In addition, mitochondrial function in the cerebellar slice cultures was analyzed through high-resolution respirometry assays and quantification of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Results: both conditions promoted an increase in the size and complexity of axonal itochondria evident in electron microscopy images, suggesting a compensatory response. Such compensation was reflected at the tissue level as increased respiratory activity of complexes I and IV and as a transient increase in ATP production in response to acute inflammation. Notably, time-lapse microscopy indicated that mitochondrial transport (mean velocity) was severely impaired in axons, increasing the proportion of stationary mitochondria in axons after LPS challenge. Indeed, the two challenges used produced different effects: inflammation mostly reducing retrograde transport and oxidative stress slightly enhancing retrograde transportation. Conclusions: neuroinflammation acutely impairs axonal mitochondrial transportation, which would promote an inappropriate delivery of energy throughout axons and, by this way, contribute to axonal damage. Thus, preserving axonal mitochondrial transport might represent a promising avenue to exploit as a therapeutic target for neuroprotection in brain inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis

Online reverse auctions research in marketing versus SCM: A review and future directions

An online reverse auction (ORA) is a dynamic procurement mechanism that allows suppliers to compete in real time via a platform to gain a buyer’s business. The ORA is a technological tool introduced in the late 1990s, gaining proponents and detractors among practitioners and academics. Remarkably, while practitioner interestin ORAs has grown, related marketing and supply chain management (SCM) research has declined. This contradiction between theory and practice suggests the need to conduct a systematic review to provide readers with a state-of-the-art understanding of ORAs and recommend fruitful avenues for further research. We focus on the marketing literature and contrast the findings with SCM literature, in such an analysis practical relevance is stressed. Our study offers three main contributions: (1) integration of the cumulative marketing knowledge on ORAs in the 2002–2020 period, (2) development of a three-layer framework of the ORA domain (i.e., conceptualization, ORA as a process, and research setting), and (3) construction of a new research agenda to deal with scholarly challenges and emerging trends.Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GPC ED431B 2022/10Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenases enable redox balance of Pseudomonas putida during biodegra dation of aromatic compounds

Supporting informationThe metabolic versatility of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida is reflected by its ability to execute strong redox reactions (e.g., mono- and di-oxygenations) on aromatic substrates. Biodegradation of aromatics occurs via the pathway encoded in the archetypal TOL plasmid pWW0, yet the effect of running such oxidative route on redox balance against the background metabolism of P. putida remains unexplored. To answer this question, the activity of pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenases (that catalyze the reversible interconversion of NADH and NADPH) was inspected under various physiological and oxidative stress regimes. The genome of P. putida KT2440 encodes a soluble transhydrogenase (SthA) and a membrane-bound, proton-pumping counterpart (PntAB). Mutant strains, lacking sthA and/or pntAB, were subjected to a panoply of genetic, biochemical, phenomic and functional assays in cells grown on customary carbon sources (e.g., citrate) versus difficult-to-degrade aromatic substrates. The results consistently indicated that redox homeostasis is compromised in the transhydrogenases-defective variant, rendering the mutant sensitive to oxidants. This metabolic deficiency was, however, counteracted by an increase in the activity of NADP+ -dependent dehydrogenases in central carbon metabolism. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that transhydrogenases enable a redox-adjusting mechanism that comes into play when biodegradation reactions are executed to metabolize unusual carbon compounds.This work was supported by the EVOPROG (FP7-ICT-610730), ARISYS (ERC-2012-ADG-322797) and EmPowerPutida (EU-H2020-BIOTEC-2014-2015-6335536), Contracts of the European Union, and the CAMBIOS (RTC-2014-1777-3) and CONTIBUGS (PCIN-2013-040) projects of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.Peer reviewe