Plasmodium vivax Sub-Patent Infections after Radical Treatment Are Common in Peruvian Patients: Results of a 1-Year Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing body of literature reporting treatment failure of the currently recommended radical treatment of Plasmodium vivax infections. As P. vivax is the main malaria species outside the African continent, emerging tolerance to its radical treatment regime could have major consequences in countries like Peru, where 80% of malaria cases are due to P. vivax. Here we describe the results of a 1-year longitudinal follow up of 51 confirmed P. vivax patients living around Iquitos, Peruvian Amazon, and treated according to the Peruvian national guidelines. METHODOLOGY: Each month a blood sample for microscopy and later genotyping was systematically collected. Recent exposure to infection was estimated by detecting antibodies against the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and all PCR confirmed P. vivax infections were genotyped with 16 polymorphic microsatellites. RESULTS: During a 1-year period, 84 recurrent infections, 22 positive also by microscopy, were identified, with a median survival time to first recurrent infection of 203 days. Most of them (71%) were asymptomatic; in 13 patients the infection persisted undetected by microscopy for several consecutive months. The genotype of mostly recurrent infections differed from that at day 0 while fewer differences were seen between the recurrent infections. The average expected heterozygosity was 0.56. There was strong linkage disequilibrium (I(A) (s) = 0.29, p<1.10(-4)) that remained also when analyzing only the unique haplotypes, suggesting common inbreeding. CONCLUSION: In Peru, the P. vivax recurrent infections were common and displayed a high turnover of parasite genotypes compared to day 0. Plasmodium vivax patients, even when treated according to the national guidelines, may still represent an important parasite reservoir that can maintain transmission. Any elimination effort should consider such a hidden reservoir

Liquid biopsies come of age: towards implementation of circulating tumour DNA

Improvements in genomic and molecular methods are expanding the range of potential applications for circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), both in a research setting and as a ‘liquid biopsy’ for cancer management. Proof-of-principle studies have demonstrated the translational potential of ctDNA for prognostication, molecular profiling and monitoring. The field is now in an exciting transitional period in which ctDNA analysis is beginning to be applied clinically, although there is still much to learn about the biology of cell-free DNA. This is an opportune time to appraise potential approaches to ctDNA analysis, and to consider their applications in personalized oncology and in cancer research.We would like to acknowledge the support of The University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK (grant numbers A11906, A20240, A15601) (to N.R., J.D.B.), the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement n. 337905 (to N.R.), the Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, and Hutchison Whampoa Limited (to N.R.), AstraZeneca (to R.B., S.P.), the Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC) (to R.B., S.P.), and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (to R.B., S.P.). J.G.C. acknowledges clinical fellowship support from SEOM

Ethanol production using hemicellulosic hydrolyzate and sugarcane juice with yeasts that converts pentoses and hexoses

The use of vegetable biomass as substrate for ethanol production could reduce the existing usage of fossil fuels, thereby minimizing negative environmental impacts. Due to mechanical harvesting of sugarcane, the amount of pointer and straw has increased in sugarcane fields, becoming inputs of great energy potential. This study aimed to analyze the use of hemicellulosic hydrolyzate produced by sugarcane pointers and leaves compared with that of sugarcane juice fermented by yeasts that unfold hexoses and pentoses in the production of second generation biofuel, ethanol. The substrates used for ethanol production composed of either sugarcane juice (hexoses) or hemicellulosic hydrolyzate from sugarcane leaves and pointers (pentoses and hexoses), and the mixture of these two musts. Fermentation was performed in a laboratory scale using the J10 and FT858 yeast strains using 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 180 ml of must prepared by adjusting the Brix to 16 ± 0.3°; pH 4.5 ± 0.5; 30°C; 107 CFU/ml with constant stirring for 72 h, with four replications. Cell viability, budding, buds viability, and ethanol production were evaluated. Among the yeasts, the cell viability was greater for J10. The use of FT858 + J10 was effective in producing ethanol. The hemicellulosic hydrolyzate had low efficiency in ethanol production compared with sugarcane juice. Key words: Hydrolysis of sugarcane straw and pointers, sugarcane juice, xylose, cell viability, ethano

Influence of microwave heating on fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulfate concentrations in water

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)This paper describes a study about the influence of microwave radiation using closed vessels on fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulfate concentrations in aqueous media. The experiments were processed by heating water using PFA vessels and a microwave cavity oven, determining the anions by ion chromatography. The influence of the exposure time, the atmospheric composition, the kind of heating (water bath or microwave radiation) and the possible formation of hydrogen peroxide were investigated. The limits of quantification for fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulfate were respectively of 0.17, 0.15, 0.55 and 0.57 mu g L-1, and precision, expressed as RSD, was <4% for all considered anions. The hydrogen peroxide was quantified by spectrophotometry, and the limit of quantification and precision were 24 mu g L-1 and <5% (n = 10), respectively. The results demonstrate a significant increase in the anion concentration levels (between 63 and 89%) when microwave heating was used in comparison with heating by water bath. In addition, these changes observed can be mainly attributed to the species transfers, either between gaseous (atmospheric gases) and liquid (water) phases for nitrate, or between vessels walls and water for fluoride, chloride and sulfate. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide concentration higher than 45 mu g L-1 was determined when water was exposed to microwave radiation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.85527072710Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP, Brazil)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Casca de mamona associada a quatro fontes de matéria orgânica para a produção de mudas de pinhão-manso

Para a produção de mudas de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) geralmente tem sido recomendado o uso de misturas de materiais orgânicas. Uma das alternativas para compor substratos e produzir mudas é a casca de mamona, que é um resíduo gerado em grande quantidade no processo de descascamento das sementes que apresenta teores elevados de macronutrientes. Para testar o efeito do uso da casca de mamona como substrato, conduziu-se experimento em casa de vegetação, na Embrapa Algodão, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2006. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de misturas de terra e casca de mamona com um dos seguintes materiais: composto de lixo, esterco bovino, lodo de esgoto e torta de mamona. O tratamento-controle foi composto por terra e casca de mamona. Aos 55 dias após o semeio, mediram-se a altura da planta, o número de folhas, a área foliar, o diâmetro caulinar, a massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes e os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, e S. O uso de apenas terra com casca de mamona moída proporciona menor crescimento das mudas. A adição do composto de lixo urbano, lodo de esgoto ou torta de mamona à composição do substrato proporciona melhor desenvolvimento das mudas. Mudas de pinhão manso cultivadas em substratos compostos por misturas de terra, casca de mamona e esterco bovino apresentaram os maiores teores foliares de fósforo, magnésio e enxofre, enquanto aquelas cultivadas em substrato composto por misturas de terra, casca de mamona e lodo de esgoto apresentaram os maiores teores foliares de potássio e cálcio