Communicative performance of children with Down syndrome in two different situations

TEMA: análise dos aspectos pragmáticos da linguagem de crianças com síndrome de Down. OBJETIVO: verificar influência de variáveis ambientais e contextuais nos aspectos pragmáticos da linguagem de crianças com síndrome de Down, na interação com seu cuidador e com seu terapeuta e comparar o desempenho da criança nas duas situações. MÉTODO: participaram desse estudo 15 crianças com síndrome de Down, com idade entre 4 e 6:11 anos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de anamnese, protocolo de avaliação pragmática da linguagem e questionário para determinar o nível econômico da família. Os dados obtidos nas duas situações foram comparados e realizou-se estudo estatístico. RESULTADOS: o nível econômico e o grau de escolaridade do cuidador foram os fatores que mais influenciaram os aspectos pragmáticos da criança nas duas situações. As crianças usaram sua comunicação de forma funcional e equilibrada em relação ao adulto e as funções comunicativas mais utilizadas por elas foram reconhecimento do outro, comentário e performativo. Foi observado que as crianças apresentaram desempenho comunicativo semelhante nas duas situações. CONCLUSÃO: o baixo nível econômico da família e o baixo grau de escolaridade do cuidador podem ser considerados como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento dos aspectos pragmáticos da linguagem de crianças com SD e essas famílias devem ter atenção especial do fonoaudiólogo durante o processo terapêutico. Independente do interlocutor, essas crianças foram capazes de iniciar e manter a comunicação, utilizando os modos e funções comunicativas de forma semelhante.BACKGROUND: analysis of the pragmatic aspects of language in children with Down syndrome. AIM: to verify the influence of environmental and contextual variables in the pragmatic aspects of language of Down syndrome (DS) children when interacting with their caregivers and therapist, and to compare their performance in both situations. METHOD: participants were 15 children with DS with ages ranging from 4 to 6.11 years. Data were obtained through anamnesis, the protocol of functional communicative profile, and a socioeconomic questionnaire. Data obtained from both interaction situations (with the caregiver and with the therapist) were compared, and submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Caregiver's socioeconomic and educational levels were the variables that most had an influence on the pragmatic aspects of the child in both interaction situations. Children presented proportional rates of functional communication when compared to the data obtained for their caregivers and the communicative functions more frequently used by them were recognition of others, comment and performative. Comparisons between the interaction situations indicated no statistically significant differences concerning the children's communicative performance. CONCLUSION: caregivers' socioeconomic and educational levels might be considered risk factors for the development of the pragmatic aspects of language in children with DS and special attention should be given to these families during the speech-language therapeutic process. Independently of the interlocutor, these children were able to initiate and maintain communication, using communicative means and functions in a similar fashion

Communicative profile used by children with Down Syndrome

TEMA: a comunicação das crianças com síndrome de Down (SD) é muitas vezes prejudicada devido a dificuldades nos aspectos fonológico, sintático e semântico da linguagem. Para compensar essas dificuldades, muitas crianças utilizam os gestos por um tempo mais prolongado do que as crianças com desenvolvimento típico (DT). OBJETIVO: verificar o desempenho de crianças com SD no que diz respeito ao modo comunicativo (verbal, vocal e gestual) utilizado na interação espontânea com um adulto em situação de brincadeira. MÉTODO: 28 crianças com SD foram estudadas em duas situações distintas: brincadeira com o terapeuta e brincadeira com o cuidador. Foram consideradas as teorias pragmáticas para análise dos resultados. Para determinar a significância estatística foram usados os testes Kuskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon e determinado o nível de significância em 5%. RESULTADO: houve maior utilização do meio comunicativo verbal na interação com o cuidador e do meio gestual na interação com o terapeuta. CONCLUSÃO: considerando que o meio comunicativo mais utilizado socialmente é o verbal, podemos considerar que a comunicação, nesse ponto de vista, foi mais efetiva na situação de brincadeira com o cuidador. No entanto, embora tenham sido produzidos menos atos comunicativos verbais na interação com o terapeuta, a criança utilizou o gesto para se comunicar, ou seja, a falta ou pouca comunicação verbal não impediu que a criança se comunicasse com seu interlocutor.BACKGROUND: the communication of children with Down syndrome (DS) is frequently impaired due to difficulties in the phonological, syntactic and semantic aspects of language. In order to compensate these difficulties, many children use gestures for a longer period of time than children who present typical development (TD). AIM: to verify the performance of children with DS regarding their communicative profile (verbal, oral and gestural) during a play situation and a spontaneous interaction with an adult. METHODS: 28 children with DS were studied in two different play situations: with a speech-language therapist and with the adult caregiver. Pragmatic theories were usede to analyse the data. To determine the statistical significance of the results, the statistical tests of Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon and the confidence interval were used with a significance of 5%. RESULTS: the verbal communication mean was used mostly during the interaction with the caregivers and the gestural communication mean was used mostly during the interaction with the therapists. CONCLUSION: considering that the verbal communication mean is the one which is socially more used, the play situation with the caregiver was the most effective. However, although less verbal communicative acts were produced during the interaction with the speech-language therapist, the child used gestures to communicate, that is, the lack or little verbal communication did not stop the child from communicating with the interlocutor

Pragmatic aspects of language in children with Down syndrome: comparison of two situations

Ao estudar o desenvolvimento da linguagem de crianças com síndrome de Down são vários os autores que concordam que todos os aspectos formais, tais como, fonologia, morfossintaxe e gramática, estão alterados nesses indivíduos. Além dos aspectos formais, alguns estudos descrevem como ocorre o uso funcional da linguagem nessas crianças. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar os aspectos pragmáticos da linguagem de crianças com síndrome de Down em duas situações. Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos. O Estudo 1 teve como objetivo descrever o perfil funcional da comunicação de crianças com síndrome de Down. Participaram desse estudo 15 crianças com síndrome de Down, com idades entre quatro e seis anos e 11 meses. Foi filmada a interação de cada criança com seu terapeuta e os dados foram analisados para traçar o perfil comunicativo de cada uma delas. A maioria das crianças ocupou espaço comunicativo semelhante ao do terapeuta e houve predomínio de atos comunicativos produzidos com função interpessoal. As funções comunicativas mais utilizadas foram reconhecimento do outro, comentário e performativo. Ocorreu variedade no modo comunicativo utilizado pelas crianças e este influenciou de forma significante a ocupação do espaço comunicativo, a produção de atos comunicativos por minuto e as funções utilizadas. O Estudo 2 teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho comunicativo dessas crianças em duas situações: interação com o terapeuta (situação A) e interação com o cuidador (situação B). Os sujeitos desse estudo foram os mesmos do Estudo 1, os quais foram filmados em brincadeira espontânea com seus cuidadores. Após análise dos dados, os resultados obtidos no Estudo 1, que compuseram a situação A, foram comparados com os resultados obtidos na situação B. Foi observado que a maioria das crianças apresentou desempenho semelhante nas duas situações. Foi possível constatar que independente do interlocutor, as crianças com SD apresentaram competência comunicativa, sendo capazes de iniciar e manter a comunicação, utilizando os modos comunicativos de forma semelhante e produzindo atos comunicativos com as mesmas funções comunicativas independente da situação. Foi observado também que o nível econômico e o grau de escolaridade do cuidador foram os fatores que mais apresentaram relação com o desempenho comunicativo da criança, tanto na situação A quanto na situação B.Regarding the study of the language development of children with Down syndrome, many authors agree that all formal aspects, such as phonology, morphosyntax and grammar, are altered in these subjects. Besides formal aspects, few studies have attempted to describe how the functional use of language occurs in these children. The present research had the aim to verify the pragmatic aspects of language in children with Down syndrome during two different interaction situations. For this purpose, two studies were carried out. Study 1 had the aim to describe the functional communication profile of children with Down syndrome. Fifteen children with Down syndrome, with ages ranging from four to six years and 11 months, participated in this study. The interaction between each child and his/her speech therapist was video recorded, and data were analyzed in order to delineate their communicative profile. Most of the children occupied the same communicative space as their therapists, and there was a prevalence of interpersonal communicative acts. The communicative functions most used were Recognition of the Other, Comment, and Performative. It was found variability in the communicative means used by the children, and this had a significant influence on the occupation of the communicative space, the number of communicative acts per minute, and the functions used. Study 2 had the aim to compare the communicative performance of these children in two situations: interaction with the speech therapist (situation A) and interaction with the caregiver (situation B). The subjects of this study were the same that participated in Study 1, who were video recorded during a spontaneous play interaction with their respective caregivers. After data analysis, the results obtained in Study 1, that constituted situation A, were compared to the results obtained in situation B. It was observed that most children had similar performances in both situations. It was found that, regardless of the interlocutor, children with Down syndrome showed communicative competence, being able to initiate and maintain communication, using communicative means similarly, and producing communicative acts with the same communicative functions. It was also observed that economic level and education level of the caregiver were factors related to the communicative performance of the children, in both situations (A and B)

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2013: volume 2: metodologias de ensino e a apropriação de conhecimento pelos alunos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2013: volume 2: metodologias de ensino e a apropriação de conhecimento pelos alunos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research

Background The Clavien–Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien–Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high- (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7-day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien–Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. Results A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien–Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). Conclusion Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally

The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery: a prospective observational cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis

© 2017 British Journal of Anaesthesia Background: The surgical safety checklist is widely used to improve the quality of perioperative care. However, clinicians continue to debate the clinical effectiveness of this tool. Methods: Prospective analysis of data from the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), an international observational study of elective in-patient surgery, accompanied by a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. The exposure was surgical safety checklist use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was postoperative complications. In the ISOS cohort, a multivariable multi-level generalized linear model was used to test associations. To further contextualise these findings, we included the results from the ISOS cohort in a meta-analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: We included 44 814 patients from 497 hospitals in 27 countries in the ISOS analysis. There were 40 245 (89.8%) patients exposed to the checklist, whilst 7508 (16.8%) sustained ≥1 postoperative complications and 207 (0.5%) died before hospital discharge. Checklist exposure was associated with reduced mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.49 (0.32–0.77); P\u3c0.01], but no difference in complication rates [OR 1.02 (0.88–1.19); P=0.75]. In a systematic review, we screened 3732 records and identified 11 eligible studies of 453 292 patients including the ISOS cohort. Checklist exposure was associated with both reduced postoperative mortality [OR 0.75 (0.62–0.92); P\u3c0.01; I2=87%] and reduced complication rates [OR 0.73 (0.61–0.88); P\u3c0.01; I2=89%). Conclusions: Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience better postoperative outcomes, but this could simply reflect wider quality of care in hospitals where checklist use is routine

Critical care admission following elective surgery was not associated with survival benefit: prospective analysis of data from 27 countries

This was an investigator initiated study funded by Nestle Health Sciences through an unrestricted research grant, and by a National Institute for Health Research (UK) Professorship held by RP. The study was sponsored by Queen Mary University of London