177 research outputs found
Secular Instability and Planetesimal Formation in the Dust Layer
Late in the gaseous phase of a protostellar disk, centimeter-sized bodies
probably settle into a thin ``dust layer'' at the midplane. A velocity
difference between the dust layer and the gas gives rise to turbulence, which
prevents further settling and direct gravitational instability of the layer.
The associated drag on the surface of the layer causes orbital decay in a few
thousand years---as opposed to a few hundred years for an isolated meter-sized
body. Within this widely-accepted theoretical framework, we show that the
turbulent drag causes radial instabilities even if the selfgravity of the layer
is negligible. We formulate axisymmetric, height-integrated dynamical equations
for the layer that incorporate turbulent diffusion of mass and momentum in
radius and height, vertical settling, selfgravity, and resistance to
compression due to gas entrained within the dust layer. In steady-state, the
equations describe the inward radial drift of a uniform dust layer. In
perturbation, overdense rings form on an orbital timescale with widths
comparable to the dust-layer thickness. Selfgravity is almost irrelevant to the
linear growth rate but will eventually fragment and collapse the rings into
planetesimals larger than a kilometer. We estimate that the drag instability is
most efficient at 1 AU when most of the ``dust'' mass lies in the size range
0.1-10 meters.Comment: 25 pp., 2 figures. Uses aastex version 5.0
General algorithm of computation of c-table and detection of valleys
We present a review of all interesting results concerning the c-table obtained by the authors for the last two decades. These results are not widely known because they were presented in publications of limited circulation. We discuss different computational aspects of software producing the c-tables in the presence of blocs and their evolution following the evolution of the computer environment: effects of the use of 32-bit arithmetic .≈8 digits), 64-bit arithmetic (double precision, ≈16 digits), and Bailey’s Fortran multiprecision package .32 or 64 digits), competition between the ascending and descending algorithms, relationship between the complexity of computation and precision, overflow and underflow problems, competition between different formulas allowing one to overcome the blocs in the c-table, practical simple criterion of detecting numerical zeros in the c-table allowing to identify the blocs, and automatic detection of valleys.Наведено огляд усіх цікавих результатів щодо c-таблиць, одержаних авторами протягом двох останніх десятиліть, які маловідомі з причини публікації у виданнях обмеженого поширення. Розглянуто різні обчислювальні аспекти програм, що продукують с-таблиці з наявністю блоків, а також їх еволюцію, обумовлену еволюцією комп'ютерного середовища, а саме: наслідки використання 32-бітової арифметики (кз 8 розрядів), 64-бітової арифметики (подвійна точність, ≈ 16 розрядів) та високоточного пакету Фортрана Бейлі (32 або 64 розряди), порівняння зростаючих та спадних алгоритмів, зв'язок між складністю обчислень і точністю, проблеми надпотоків та недостатніх потоків, порівняння різних формул, шо дозволяють уникнути блоків у c-таблицях, практичний простий критерій для визначення числових нулів у c-таблицях, що дозволяють ідентифікувати блоки, автоматичне визначення точок мінімуму
On the relation between measures defining the Stieltjes and the inverted Stieltjes functions
A compact formula is found for the measure of the inverted Stieltjes function expressed by the measure of the original Stieltjes function.Встановлено формулу для міри оберненої функції Стільтьєса, що виражена через міру початкової функції Стільтьєса
A gravitational lensing explanation for the excess of strong Mg-II absorbers in GRB afterglow spectra
GRB afterglows offer a probe of the intergalactic medium out to high redshift
which complements observations along more abundant quasar lines-of-sight.
Although both quasars and GRB afterglows should provide a-priori random
sight-lines through the intervening IGM, it has been observed that strong Mg-II
absorbers are twice as likely to be found along sight-lines toward GRBs.
Several proposals to reconcile this discrepancy have been put forward, but none
has been found sufficient to explain the magnitude of the effect. In this paper
we estimate the effect of gravitational lensing by galaxies and their
surrounding mass distributions on the statistics of Mg-II absorption. We find
that the multi-band magnification bias could be very strong in the
spectroscopic GRB afterglow population and that gravitational lensing can
explain the discrepancy in density of absorbers, for plausibly steep luminosity
functions. The model makes the prediction that approximately 20%-60% of the
spectroscopic afterglow sample (i.e. ~ 5-15 of 26 sources) would have been
multiply imaged, and hence result in repeating bursts. We show that despite
this large lensing fraction it is likely that none would yet have been
identified by chance owing to the finite sky coverage of GRB searches. We
predict that continued optical monitoring of the bright GRB afterglow locations
in the months and years following the initial decay would lead to
identification of lensed GRB afterglows. A confirmation of the lensing
hypothesis would allow us to constrain the GRB luminosity function down to
otherwise inaccessibly faint levels, with potential consequences for GRB
models.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to MNRAS
Depletion of density of states near Fermi energy induced by disorder and electron correlation in alloys
We have performed high resolution photoemission study of substitutionally
disordered alloys Cu-Pt, Cu-Pd, Cu-Ni, and Pd-Pt. The ratios between alloy
spectra and pure metal spectra are found to have dips at the Fermi level when
the residual resistivity is high and when rather strong repulsive
electron-electron interaction is expected. This is in accordance with Altshuler
and Aronov's model which predicts depletion of density of states at the Fermi
level when both disorder and electron correlation are present.Comment: 1 tex file and 4 ps file
Subtraction of Bright Point Sources from Synthesis Images of the Epoch of Reionization
Bright point sources associated with extragalactic AGN and radio galaxies are
an important foreground for low frequency radio experiments aimed at detecting
the redshifted 21cm emission from neutral hydrogen during the epoch of
reionization. The frequency dependence of the synthesized beam implies that the
sidelobes of these sources will move across the field of view as a function of
observing frequency, hence frustrating line-of-sight foreground subtraction
techniques. We describe a method for subtracting these point sources from dirty
maps produced by an instrument such as the MWA. This technique combines matched
filters with an iterative centroiding scheme to locate and characterize point
sources in the presence of a diffuse background. Simulations show that this
technique can improve the dynamic range of EOR maps by 2-3 orders of magnitude.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, submitted to PAS
Enhanced lensing rate by clustering of massive galaxies: newly discovered systems in the SLACS fields
[Abridged] We exploit the clustering of massive galaxies to perform a high
efficiency imaging search for gravitational lenses. Our dataset comprises 44
fields imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys
(ACS), each of which is centered on a lens discovered by the Strong Lens ACS
Survey (SLACS). We compare four different search methods: 1) automated
detection with the HST Archive Galaxy-scale Gravitational Lens Survey (HAGGLeS)
robot, 2) examining cutout images of bright galaxies (BGs) after subtraction of
a smooth galaxy light distribution, 3) examining the unsubtracted BG cutouts,
and 4) performing a full-frame visual inspection of the ACS images. We compute
purity and completeness and consider investigator time for the four algorithms,
using the main SLACS lenses as a testbed. The first and second algorithms
perform the best. We present the four new lens systems discovered during this
comprehensive search, as well as one other likely candidate. For each new lens
we use the fundamental plane to estimate the lens velocity dispersion and
predict, from the resulting lens geometry, the redshifts of the lensed sources.
Two of these new systems are found in galaxy clusters, which include the SLACS
lenses in the two respective fields. Overall we find that the enhanced lens
abundance (30^{+24}_{-8} lenses/degree^2) is higher than expected for random
fields (12^{+4}_{-2} lenses/degree^2 for the COSMOS survey). Additionally, we
find that the gravitational lenses we detect are qualitatively different from
those in the parent SLACS sample: this imaging survey is largely probing
higher-redshift, and lower-mass, early-type galaxies.Comment: submitted to ApJ; 19 pages, 12 figure
A Snapshot Survey for Gravitational Lenses Among z>=4.0 Quasars: I. The z>5.7 Sample
Over the last few years, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has discovered
several hundred quasars with redshift between 4.0 and 6.4. Including the
effects of magnification bias, one expects a priori that an appreciable
fraction of these objects are gravitationally lensed. We have used the Advanced
Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope to carry out a snapshot
imaging survey of high-redshift SDSS quasars to search for gravitationally
split lenses. This paper, the first in a series reporting the results of the
survey, describes snapshot observations of four quasars at z = 5.74, 5.82, 5.99
and 6.30, respectively. We find that none of these objects has a lensed
companion within 5 magnitudes with a separation larger than 0.3 arcseconds;
within 2.5 magnitudes, we can rule out companions within 0.1 arcseconds. Based
on the non-detection of strong lensing in these four systems, we constrain the
z~6 luminosity function to a slope of beta>-4.63 (3 sigma), assuming a break in
the quasar luminosity function at M_{1450}^*=-24.0. We discuss the implications
of this constraint on the ionizing background due to quasars in the early
universe. Given that these quasars are not highly magnified, estimates of the
masses of their central engines by the Eddington argument must be taken
seriously, possibly challenging models of black hole formation.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, submitted to A
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