Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Drying colloidal systems: laboratory models for a wide range of applications

The drying of complex fluids provides a powerful insight into phenomena that take place on time and length scales not normally accessible. An important feature of complex fluids, colloidal dispersions and polymer solutions is their high sensitivity to weak external actions. Thus, the drying of complex fluids involves a large number of physical and chemical processes. The scope of this review is the capacity to tune such systems to reproduce and explore specific properties in a physics laboratory. A wide variety of systems are presented, ranging from functional coatings, food science, cosmetology, medical diagnostics and forensics to geophysics and art

Experimental life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 Ciclo evolutivo experimental de Lagochilascaris minor, Leiper 1909

The life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor was studied using material collected from human lesion and applying the experimental model: rodents (mice, hamsters), and carnivorae (cats, dogs). In mice given infective eggs, orally, hatch of the third stage larvae was noted in the gut wall, with migration to liver, lungs, skeletal musculature and subcutaneous tissue becoming, soon after, encysted. In cats infected with skinned carcasses of mice (60 to 235 days of infection) it was observed: hatch of third stage larvae from the nodules (cysts) in the stomach, migration through the oesophagus, pharynx, trachea, related tissues (rhino-oropharynx), and cervical lymphonodes developing to the mature stage in any of these sites on days 9-20 post inoculation (P.I.). There was no parasite development up to the mature stage in cats inoculated orally with infective eggs, which indicates that the life cycle of this parasite includes an obligatory intermediate host. In one of the cats (fed carcass of infected mice) necropsied on day 43 P.I., it was observed the occurence of the self-infective cycle of L. minor in the lung tissues and in the cervical region which was characterized by the finding of eggs in different stages of development, third stage larvae and mature worms. It's believed that some component of the carnivorae gastrointestinal tracts may preclude the development of third stage larvae from L. minor eggs what explains the interruption of the life cycle in animals fed infective eggs. It's also pointed out the role of the intermediate host in the first stages of the life cycle of this helminth.<br>A partir de material colhido de lesões humanas estudou-se o ciclo evolutivo de Lagochilascaris minor empregando-se o modelo experimental: roedores (camundongos, hamster) e carnívoros (gatos, cão). Em camundongos inoculados com ovos infectantes, por via oral, observou-se eclosão de larvas de 3º estágio na parede do intestino, migração das mesmas para o fígado, pulmão, musculatura esquelética e tecido subcutâneo tornando-se em seguida encistadas. Em gatos alimentados com carcaças de camundongos infectados (60-235 dias de infecção) observou-se: eclosão de larvas de 3º estágio do interior dos nódulos (cistos) no estômago, migração através do esôfago, faringe, traquéia, e tecidos vizinhos (rino-orofaringe), linfonodos cervicais alcançando a fase adulta, em qualquer uma destas localizações, 9-20 dias pós inoculação. Não houve evolução do parasito até a fase adulta em gatos inoculados com ovos infectantes, por via oral, dado que reforça a necessidade do hospedeiro intermediário neste ciclo evolutivo. Em um dos gatos (alimentados com carcaças de camundongos infectados) necropsiado 43 dias pós inoculação, observou-se a ocorrência do ciclo auto-infectante de L. minor o que foi caracterizado pelo encontro de ovos em várias fases de evolução, larvas de 3º estágio e vermes adultos em tecidos do pulmão e região cervical. Acredita-se que algum componente do trato digestivo de carnívoros possa inviabilizar larvas de 3º estágio do interior de ovos L. minor, justificando a interrupção do ciclo evolutivo quando tais animais são inoculados com ovos infectantes. Ressalta-se o papel do hospedeiro intermediário nas primeiras fases do ciclo evolutivo deste helminto

TDZ-induced direct shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis on cotyledonary node explants of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

An efficient and simple procedure for inducing high frequency direct shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in lentil from cotyledonary node explants (without both the cotyledons) in response to TDZ alone is reported. TDZ at concentration lower than 2.0 μM induced shoot organogenesis whereas at higher concentration (2.5–15 μM) it caused a shift in regeneration from shoot organogenesis to somatic embryogenesis. The cotyledonary node and seedling cultures developed only shoots even at high concentrations of BAP and TDZ, respectively. TDZ at 0.5 and 5.0 μM was found to be optimal for inducing an average of 4–5 shoots per cotyledonary node in 93 % of the cultures and 55 somatic embryos in 68 % of the cultures, respectively. The somatic embryos were germinated when transferred to lower TDZ concentration (0.5–1.0 μM). The shoots were rooted on MS basal medium containing 2.5 μM IBA. The plantlets were obtained within 8 weeks from initiation of culture and were morphologically similar to seed-raised plants. The possible role of stress in thidiazuron induced somatic embryogenesis is discussed