Nasal Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) with Bone Metastasis in a Dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and it is usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also be extragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examination is the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective of this report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dog treated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergone TVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volume increase in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough, and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography (CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapy was prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CT indicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slight uptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngeal meatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side. The hematological analysis revealed mild anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia, while the biochemical analysis only showed hypocalcemia. The prescribed therapy was amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate, omega-3, firocoxib, tranexamic acid, and finally chemotherapy with lomustine. Since the patient did not return for follow-up, the outcome could not be determined.Discussion: The patient described in this report was a domiciliary dog who did not live with other pets, but had access to the community environment and contact with other animals. The animal’s history, clinical signs, and cytological and imaging findings were consistent with those of TVT. In extragenital presentations of TVT, the inguinal and sublumbar lymph nodes, lungs, and abdominal organs are most commonly affected. Furthermore, bone involvement is rare, as this has not been commonly described in the literature as compared to the other sites of metastases. An abrasive brush was used for the cytological sample collection, because it provides slides with richer cells as compared to the imprint samples. CT is an important tool for the diagnosis of neoformations in the skeleton, and this method demonstrated high efficiency in identifying the bone involvement and the degree of the invasion and lesion in this case. The therapeutic agents used in this case were different from the usual, since the patient was given lomustine (40 mg/capsule, orally) in the metronomic chemotherapy. This drug has been previously used as an alternative in a canine TVT case resistant to vincristine.Keywords: neoplasm, extragenital, computed tomography, TVT.Título: Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cãoDescritores: neoplasia, extragenital, tomografia computadorizada, TVT

Listeriose nervosa em búfalos

Listeriosis is a disease that affects several animal species, including humans, and has three different forms of presentation: encephalic, reproductive, or septicemic. The nervous form is caused mainly by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In Brazil, this disease has already been described in sheep, goats, and cattle. There are no reports of the disease in buffaloes in Brazil and worldwide. The objective of this study was to describe an outbreak of listeric meningoencephalitis in buffaloes in the state of Pará, Brazil. The outbreak occurred in a property located in the municipality of Bujaru, in the eastern Amazon, from May to July 2016. In a herd of 47 buffaloes, three animals (Cases 1, 2 and 3), aged <40 days, presented a neurological condition with locomotion difficulty characterized by paralysis of the four limbs, hypoesthesia, lateral recumbency, and death. Morbidity was 6.38% and lethality was 100%. At necropsy, no significant macroscopic lesions were found. Samples of the central nervous system were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and routinely processed for histopathological analysis. The main microscopic changes observed were unilateral microabscesses in the brainstem composed predominantly of mononuclear cells, with fewer polymorphonuclear cells, and perivascular cuffs composed mostly of mononuclear cells and few neutrophils. Samples of Cases 1 and 2 revealed Gram-positive bacteria in the areas of necrosis by the Gram’s stain technique. Samples of Case 1 were positive in immunohistochemistry for L. monocytogenes. Diagnosis of the nervous form of listeriosis was based on epidemiological data, clinical profile, and immunostaining for Listeria monocytogenes. Results showed that listeriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in buffaloes with nervous signs.A listeriose é uma doença que afeta várias espécies animais, incluindo o homem, e possui três formas diferentes de apresentação: nervosa, abortiva ou septicêmica. A forma nervosa é causada principalmente pela bactéria Listeria monocytogenes. No Brasil a doença já foi descrita em bovinos, ovinos e caprinos, mas não foram encontrados relatos desta doença em búfalos no Brasil e no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um surto de listeriose nervosa em búfalos no estado do Pará, Brasil. O surto ocorreu de maio a julho de 2016, em uma propriedade localizada no município de Bujaru, na Amazônia Oriental. Três bubalinos de um total de 47 animais (Casos 1, 2 e 3), menores de 40 dias, apresentaram um quadro clínico neurológico caracterizado por dificuldade de locomoção, paralisia dos quatro membros, diminuição da sensibilidade cutânea, decúbito lateral e morte. A morbidade foi de 6,38% e a letalidade de 100%. Na necropsia não foram encontradas lesões macroscópicas significativas. Amostras do sistema nervoso central foram coletadas e fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10% e processadas rotineiramente para análise histopatológica. As principais alterações microscópicas observadas foram microabscessos unilaterais no tronco encefálico, compostos predominantemente por células mononucleares, com menor número de polimorfonucleares, e manguitos perivasculares compostos predominantemente por células mononucleares e poucos neutrófilos. Amostras dos Casos 1 e 2 revelaram bactérias Gram positivas nas áreas de necrose na técnica de Gram. Amostras do Caso 1 resultaram positivas na imuno histoquímica para L. monocytogenes. O diagnóstico da forma nervosa da listeriose foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, no quadro clínico patológico e na imunomarcação para Listeria monocytogenes. Os resultados demostram que a listeriose deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial em bubalinos com sinais nervosos

Listeriose nervosa em búfalos

Listeriosis is a disease that affects several animal species, including humans, and has three different forms of presentation: encephalic, reproductive, or septicemic. The nervous form is caused mainly by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In Brazil, this disease has already been described in sheep, goats, and cattle. There are no reports of the disease in buffaloes in Brazil and worldwide. The objective of this study was to describe an outbreak of listeric meningoencephalitis in buffaloes in the state of Pará, Brazil. The outbreak occurred in a property located in the municipality of Bujaru, in the eastern Amazon, from May to July 2016. In a herd of 47 buffaloes, three animals (Cases 1, 2 and 3), aged <40 days, presented a neurological condition with locomotion difficulty characterized by paralysis of the four limbs, hypoesthesia, lateral recumbency, and death. Morbidity was 6.38% and lethality was 100%. At necropsy, no significant macroscopic lesions were found. Samples of the central nervous system were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and routinely processed for histopathological analysis. The main microscopic changes observed were unilateral microabscesses in the brainstem composed predominantly of mononuclear cells, with fewer polymorphonuclear cells, and perivascular cuffs composed mostly of mononuclear cells and few neutrophils. Samples of Cases 1 and 2 revealed Gram-positive bacteria in the areas of necrosis by the Gram’s stain technique. Samples of Case 1 were positive in immunohistochemistry for L. monocytogenes. Diagnosis of the nervous form of listeriosis was based on epidemiological data, clinical profile, and immunostaining for Listeria monocytogenes. Results showed that listeriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in buffaloes with nervous signs.A listeriose é uma doença que afeta várias espécies animais, incluindo o homem, e possui três formas diferentes de apresentação: nervosa, abortiva ou septicêmica. A forma nervosa é causada principalmente pela bactéria Listeria monocytogenes. No Brasil a doença já foi descrita em bovinos, ovinos e caprinos, mas não foram encontrados relatos desta doença em búfalos no Brasil e no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um surto de listeriose nervosa em búfalos no estado do Pará, Brasil. O surto ocorreu de maio a julho de 2016, em uma propriedade localizada no município de Bujaru, na Amazônia Oriental. Três bubalinos de um total de 47 animais (Casos 1, 2 e 3), menores de 40 dias, apresentaram um quadro clínico neurológico caracterizado por dificuldade de locomoção, paralisia dos quatro membros, diminuição da sensibilidade cutânea, decúbito lateral e morte. A morbidade foi de 6,38% e a letalidade de 100%. Na necropsia não foram encontradas lesões macroscópicas significativas. Amostras do sistema nervoso central foram coletadas e fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10% e processadas rotineiramente para análise histopatológica. As principais alterações microscópicas observadas foram microabscessos unilaterais no tronco encefálico, compostos predominantemente por células mononucleares, com menor número de polimorfonucleares, e manguitos perivasculares compostos predominantemente por células mononucleares e poucos neutrófilos. Amostras dos Casos 1 e 2 revelaram bactérias Gram positivas nas áreas de necrose na técnica de Gram. Amostras do Caso 1 resultaram positivas na imuno histoquímica para L. monocytogenes. O diagnóstico da forma nervosa da listeriose foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, no quadro clínico patológico e na imunomarcação para Listeria monocytogenes. Os resultados demostram que a listeriose deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial em bubalinos com sinais nervosos

Nasal Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) with Bone Metastasis in a Dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and it is usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also be extragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examination is the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective of this report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dog treated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergone TVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volume increase in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough, and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography (CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapy was prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CT indicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slight uptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngeal meatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side. The hematological analysis revealed mild anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia, while the biochemical analysis only showed hypocalcemia. The prescribed therapy was amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate, omega-3, firocoxib, tranexamic acid, and finally chemotherapy with lomustine. Since the patient did not return for follow-up, the outcome could not be determined.Discussion: The patient described in this report was a domiciliary dog who did not live with other pets, but had access to the community environment and contact with other animals. The animal’s history, clinical signs, and cytological and imaging findings were consistent with those of TVT. In extragenital presentations of TVT, the inguinal and sublumbar lymph nodes, lungs, and abdominal organs are most commonly affected. Furthermore, bone involvement is rare, as this has not been commonly described in the literature as compared to the other sites of metastases. An abrasive brush was used for the cytological sample collection, because it provides slides with richer cells as compared to the imprint samples. CT is an important tool for the diagnosis of neoformations in the skeleton, and this method demonstrated high efficiency in identifying the bone involvement and the degree of the invasion and lesion in this case. The therapeutic agents used in this case were different from the usual, since the patient was given lomustine (40 mg/capsule, orally) in the metronomic chemotherapy. This drug has been previously used as an alternative in a canine TVT case resistant to vincristine.Keywords: neoplasm, extragenital, computed tomography, TVT.Título: Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cãoDescritores: neoplasia, extragenital, tomografia computadorizada, TVT

Reemergência da infecção natural por Trypanosoma evansi em cavalos, na região do Arari, Ilha do Marajó, Brazil

Two outbreaks of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma evansi in horses in the municipality of Chaves, Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil are reported. The first outbreak occurred in April 2011 in a farm with 147 horses; of these, 47 (31.97%) got sick, and 40 (27.21%) died. The second outbreak occurred in May 2012 and involved nine properties. Of a total of 679 horses, 209 (30.07%) got sick, and 183 (26.97%) died. The main clinical signs observed in these horses were weight loss, abdominal edema, toe dragging, and pelvic muscle atrophy. Necropsy was performed in two horses, one from each outbreak. Macroscopic alterations were not seen in the horse from the first outbreak; however, the horse from the second outbreak exhibited emaciation, pallor and icterus, as well as enlarged spleen with prominent white pulp at cut surface. Histopathology of the central nervous system of both animals revealed mild to severe, diffuse lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis, with presence of Mott cells. Immunohistochemistry for T. evansi revealed structures similar to intralesional trypomastigote forms. Between November and December of 2013, an epidemiological survey was carried out in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Santa Cruz do Arari, Salvaterra, Soure, and Chaves. Only Santa Cruz do Arari and Chaves had reported cases of the disease. Blood samples were collected from 243 horses for detection of T. evansi DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 20 were positive.São relatados dois surtos de tripanossomíase por Trypanosoma evansi , em cavalos no município de Chaves, Ilha do Marajó, Pará, Brasil. O primeiro surto ocorreu em abril de 2011 em uma fazenda com 147 cavalos, em que 47 (31,97%) adoeceram e 40 (27,21%) morreram. O segundo ocorreu em maio de 2012 e envolveu nove propriedades. De um total de 679 cavalos, 209 (30,07%) adoeceram e 183 (26,97%) morreram. Os principais sinais clínicos observados foram perda de peso, edema abdominal, emboletamento dos membros e atrofia da musculatura da região pélvica e membros posteriores. A necropsia foi realizada em dois cavalos, um de cada surto. O equino do primeiro surto não apresentou lesões macroscópicas, enquanto o segundo, do segundo surto, apresentava emagrecimento, palidez e icterícia, aumento do baço com protrusão da polpa branca ao corte. O sistema nervoso central de ambos os animais revelou uma leve à severa encefalite linfoplasmocitária, difusa, com presença de células de Mott. A imunohistoquímica para T. evansi revelou estruturas similares a formas tripomastigotas nas lesões. Entre novembro e dezembro de 2013, um levantamento epidemiológico foi realizado nos municípios de Cachoeira do Arari, Santa Cruz do Arari, Salvaterra, Soure e Chaves. Somente Santa Cruz do Arari e Chaves relataram casos da doença. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 243 equinos e realizada a reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) para a detecção do DNA de T. evansi das quais 20 foram positivas

Reemerging of natural infection by Trypanosoma evansi in horses in Arari, Marajó Island, Brazil

ABSTRACT: Two outbreaks of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma evansi in horses in the municipality of Chaves, Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil are reported. The first outbreak occurred in April 2011 in a farm with 147 horses; of these, 47 (31.97%) got sick, and 40 (27.21%) died. The second outbreak occurred in May 2012 and involved nine properties. Of a total of 679 horses, 209 (30.07%) got sick, and 183 (26.97%) died. The main clinical signs observed in these horses were weight loss, abdominal edema, toe dragging, and pelvic muscle atrophy. Necropsy was performed in two horses, one from each outbreak. Macroscopic alterations were not seen in the horse from the first outbreak; however, the horse from the second outbreak exhibited emaciation, pallor and icterus, as well as enlarged spleen with prominent white pulp at cut surface. Histopathology of the central nervous system of both animals revealed mild to severe, diffuse lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis, with presence of Mott cells. Immunohistochemistry for T. evansi revealed structures similar to intralesional trypomastigote forms. Between November and December of 2013, an epidemiological survey was carried out in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Santa Cruz do Arari, Salvaterra, Soure, and Chaves. Only Santa Cruz do Arari and Chaves had reported cases of the disease. Blood samples were collected from 243 horses for detection of T. evansi DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 20 were positive