Use of residual heat and chemical energy of exhaust gases

It is known that the exhaust gases consist of the following elements: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon oxides, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, soot, benzopyren. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2608

Length-weight relationships of commercially important marine fishes and shellfishes of the southern coast of Karnataka, India

The parameters of the length-weight relationship of the form W = aLb are presented for 51 species of commercially important marine fishes and shellfishes caught along the southern coast of Karnataka, India. Samples from commercial (trawl, purse seines, gill nets) and artisanal gears were taken during August 1999 to May 2001. The ‘b’ value ranged between 1.942 and 3.616 with a mean of 2.80, standard deviation of 0.32, and mode of 3

Treatment related morbidity in breast cancer patients

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was introduced for staging of the axilla to reduce the number of unnecessary axillary lymph node dissections (ALND’s) and proved to be an accurate and safe procedure to predict metastatic disease in clinically negative axillary lymph nodes. SLNB was expected to have less treatment related morbidity in comparison to ALND. In a multicenter prospective cohort study, long term upper-limb morbidity, perceived disabilities in activities of daily life (ADL) and quality of life (QOL) were assessed before and six weeks, 12 month and 24 month after SLNB or ALND for breast cancer. - \ud Methods: 204 patients with stage I/II breast cancer, mean age 55.6 years (sd: 11.6) entered the study and 181 patients (89%) could be evaluated after two years. Sixty-six patients (32%) underwent SLNB only, and 138 (68%) underwent a level I-II ALND. Reliable and valid assessment instruments were used for assessment of upper limb morbidity, ADL and QOL. Assessment included evaluation of shoulder range of motion, muscle strength, grip strength, pain, upper/forearm circumference, shoulder disability and activities of daily life (ADL) and Quality of Live. - \ud Results: Considerable treatment related upper-limb morbidity was observed. Significant (p<0.05) changes between before and up till two years after surgery were found in almost all assessments of shoulder function, ADL and several QOL subscales. Patients in the ALND group showed significant more changes in range of motion (ROM), grip strength, arm volume, ADL and QOL physical- and role functioning, pain and sleeplessness and arm symptoms compared to the SLNB group. Upper limb morbidity and associated disabilities in ADL are at worse in the early stage (first months) after surgical treatment. Concerning arm edema; in the ALND group arm volume increased significantly at 1 and 2 years follow up. Concerning QOL, significantly differences in mean change over the two years comparing SLNB with ALND were found for physical and role functioning and also for symptom items such as pain, insomnia (sleeplessness) and arm symptoms in favor of the SLNB group. QOL in the SLNB group was just improving in the 2 years after treatment whereas in de ALND group only emotional functioning and future perspective improved. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that radiation therapy on the axilla is besides ALND an important factor in the prediction of impaired shoulder ROM and arm edema. Radiation therapy on the breast had no influence on shoulder ROM. - \ud Conclusion: 1. Significant treatment related short-term, middle-term and long-term upper limb morbidity and perceived disabilities in ADL and long-term reduction of QOL exist in breast cancer patients. 2. In the assessment of changes in upper limb function, ADL and QOL, ALND is the most frequent found predictor of deterioration. Additional radiation therapy on the axilla predicts a further decrease in shoulder ROM and arm edema. 3. Long-term upper limb morbidity is significantly correlated with disabilities in ADL and worsening of QOL

Assessment of the economic and social implications of the avian flu outbreak on the Nigerian poultry industry

As a result of the debut incursion of the avian influenza virus into Nigeria in January 2006, severe outbreaks occurred in a number of poultry farms leading to widespread fears and a lot of apprehension. The objectives of the study were to assess, document and highlight the economic and social implications of the disease outbreaks on the Nigerian poultry industry as well as recommend measures for its effective control. The review covered ten (10) states of the country as well as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. The results revealed that the avian influenza virus affected a total of 158 poultry farms located in 10 of the 36 states including the FCT Abuja. An estimated total of Seven hundred and three thousand, four hundred and thirty (703,430) poultry were lost, out of which 288,662 (41.06%) died, while 414,403 (58.94%) poultry were slaughtered. Estimated revenue loss in naira (the official Nigerian currency) amounted to Seven hundred and three million, sixty-five thousand naira (N703,065,000). Globally, between 1983-2004, a total of Sixty million, six thousand and one (61,006,001) birds were lost. Estimated revenue loss globally within the period also amounted to One billion, one hundred million Euros (E1.100,000,000) in addition to Three hundred and fifty million dollars ($350,000,000). Increased surveillance, close monitoring, improved sanitation, quarantine of poultry farms as currently being carried out will reduce the scourge of the disease infection in Nigeria.KEYWORDS: Assessment, Economic, Social Implications, Avian Flu, Nigerian Poultry

Construction of Valid and Reliable Test for Assessment of Students

The study was carried out to construct a valid and reliable test in Economics for secondary school students. Two research questions were drawn to guide the establishment of validity and reliability for the Economics Achievement Test (EAT). It is a multiple choice objective test of five options with 100 items. A sample of 1000 students was randomly drawn to determine the validity and reliability of the test. After item analysis, the result showed that the Economics achievement test has a high face and content validity. The test item validity was determined through Difficulty and discrimination indices. A difficult index or p-value of 0.5 for each item was considered after applying the formula of correction for guessing. The discrimination index was established through point biserial statistics for each item with a correction coefficient of at least 0.3. The test has a reliability coefficient of 0.95 established through the use of Kuder-Richardson formula 20.The test is valid and reliable for assessing students internally and prepare them for external examinations. Keywords: Construction, Economics, Achievement Test and Education