Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite

Multimodality Imaging Evaluation of a Singular Cardiac Structure

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Monitoramento da susceptibilidade de Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) aos inseticidas beta-ciflutrina e imidacloprido em Mato Grosso

Euschistus heros é um praga polifaga importante nos sistemas produtivos de grãos e fibras mato-grossenses, pois é a principal espécie de percevejo que ataca a cultura da soja, além de atacar o milho no início da emergência das plantas e as maças do algodoeiro. Portanto, sua permanência no campo é prolongada devido à extensa janela de cultivo no Estado. Consequentemente, o período de exposição aos inseticidas é potencializado quando comparado a sistemas produtivos com uma única safra que hospede a praga. Diante disso, objetivou-se monitorar os níveis de susceptibilidade do percevejo aos inseticidas imidacloprido e beta-ciflutrina. Para avaliar o nível de susceptibilidade das populações de campo, determinou-se uma dose diagnóstica em uma população susceptível de E. heros ao avaliar a mortalidade dos insetos em concentrações crescentes dos dois inseticidas. Desta forma, calculou-se a Concentração Letal para 95% dos indivíduos susceptíveis - CL95 , através da análise de probit. As doses diagnósticas estimadas foram de 3µl/ml (beta-ciflutrina/água) e 0,5µl/ml (imidacloprido/água). Os produtos comerciais utilizados continham as concentrações de 50 g/L de ingrediente ativo para beta-ciflutrina e 200 g/L de ingrediente ativo para imidacloprido. As populações de campo foram coletadas em soja na safra 2013/14 nos municípios de Rondonópolis, Nova Mutum e Sinop. Para a molécula imidacloprido, todas as populações tiveram uma mortalidade parecida com a população susceptível, porém para a molécula beta-ciflutrina a população de Rondonópolis diferenciou significativamente da população susceptível. Entretanto, falhas de controle em campo não são d iagnosticadas, pois os inseticidas registrados para o controle da praga que contém esses ingredientes ativos são uma mixtura de beta-ciflutrina com imidacloprido, assim promovendo efetivo controle devido ao imidacloprido

Temporal variability of the microbial food web (viruses to ciliates) under the influence of the Black Sea Water inflow (N. Aegean, E. Mediterranean)

Τhe entire pelagic microbial food web was studied during the winter-spring period in the frontal area of the North Aegean Sea. Abundance of viruses, heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, auto- and hetero-trophic flagellates, and ciliates, as well as bacterial production, were measured at three stations (MD1, MD2, MD3) situated along a N-S transect between the area directly influenced by the inflowing Black Sea water and the area covered by the Levantine water. Samples were collected in December 2009, and January, March, April, and May 2011. Station MD1 exhibited the highest values of abundance and integrated biomass of all microbial groups and bacterial production during all months, and MD3 the lowest. Bacteria dominated the total integrated biomass at all stations and months, followed by cyanobacteria, auto-, hetero-trophic flagellates and ciliates. On a temporal scale, the microbial food web was less important in March as all microbial parameters at all stations showed the lowest values. After the phytoplankton bloom in March, the heterotrophic part of the microbial food web (mainly) strongly increased, though the intensity of the phenomenon was diminished from North to South. Pico-sized plankton was found to be heterotrophic whereas nanoplankton was autotrophic. It seems that the influence of the Black Sea water on station MD1, permanent throughout the study period of early winter to late spring, was reflected in all microbial populations studied, and produced a more productive pelagic food web system, with potential consequences for the upper trophic levels