Pedestal bifurcation and resonant field penetration at the threshold of edge-localized mode suppression in the DIII-D tokamak

Rapid bifurcations in the plasma response to slowly varying n=2 magnetic fields are observed as the plasma transitions into and out of edge-localized mode (ELM) suppression. The rapid transition to ELM suppression is characterized by an increase in the toroidal rotation and a reduction in the electron pressure gradient at the top of the pedestal that reduces the perpendicular electron flow there to near zero. These events occur simultaneously with an increase in the inner-wall magnetic response. These observations are consistent with strong resonant field penetration of n=2 fields at the onset of ELM suppression, based on extended MHD simulations using measured plasma profiles. Spontaneous transitions into (and out of) ELM suppression with a static applied n=2 field indicate competing mechanisms of screening and penetration of resonant fields near threshold conditions. Magnetic measurements reveal evidence for the unlocking and rotation of tearinglike structures as the plasma transitions out of ELM suppression.This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Awards No. DE-FC02-04ER54698, No. DE-AC02-09CH11466, No. DE-FG02-07ER54917, No. DE-FG02-89ER53296, No. DE-FG02-08ER54999, No. DE-FG02-08ER54984, No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, No. DE-FG02-86ER53218, and No. DE-FG02- 92ER54139

Modelo de vegetação potencial para a Região Nordeste decorrente da precipitação pluvial Potencial vegetation model for the Northeast Region of Brazil as a function of precipitation

O presente trabalho aplica o modelo de Rey para calcular a vegetação potencial da Região Nordeste do Brasil e, assim, verificar se esse modelo identifica os principais tipos de vegetação dessa região. O método utilizado para calcular a taxa de Evapotanspiração (ET) é embasado na equação de Penman-Monteith. O modelo também inclui parâmetros fixados e as variáveis altura da vegetação e índice de área foliar (IAF). De modo geral, o modelo conseguiu reproduzir bem os biomas da região Nordeste do Brasil, principalmente a Caatinga, o Cerrado e a Mata Atlântica.<br>The present work applies the model of Rey to calculate the potential vegetation of the Northeast of Brazil and, thus, to verify if it properly identifies the biomes of that region. The method used to calculate the rate of Evapotranspiration (ET) is based on the equation of Penman-Monteith. The model also includes fixed parameters and the variables vegetation height and leaf area index (LAI). In general, the model provided a good representation of the biomes of the Northeast of Brazil, mainly the Caatinga, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest

Is it possible to achieve sustainable capitalism by 2010?

The global financial and economic crisis has created public distrust regarding the ability of the capitalist system to function. Today, the problem is understanding whether the capitalist system will be able to evolve towards business models compatible with the objective of sustainable development. Thus, for the enterprise, the challenge is considerable: how to reconcile the imperative of profitability with the need to reduce waste and pollution? New business models can help to change the capitalist system and achieve sustainable development by separating economic growth and environmental degradation. This chapter aims to understand if it will be possible for there to be a paradigm shift towards sustainable capitalism by 2020 to maximize the creation of long-term economic value by reforming markets to meet the needs of companies and communities