24 research outputs found
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Learning to trust: trust and attachment in early psychosis
Background
Distrust and social dysfunction are characteristic in psychosis and may arise from attachment insecurity, which is elevated in the disorder. The relationship between trust and attachment in the early stages of psychosis is unknown, yet could help to understand interpersonal difficulties and disease progression. This study aimed to investigate whether trust is reduced in patients with early psychosis and whether this is accounted for by attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety.
Method
We used two trust games with a cooperative and unfair partner in a sample of 39 adolescents with early psychosis and 100 healthy controls.
Results
Patients had higher levels of attachment anxiety, but the groups did not differ in attachment avoidance. Basic trust was lower in patients than controls, as indicated by lower initial investments. During cooperation patients increased their trust towards levels of controls, i.e. they were able to learn and to override initial suspiciousness. Patients decreased their trust less than controls during unfair interactions. Anxious attachment was associated with higher basic trust and higher trust during unfair interactions and predicted trust independent of group status.
Discussion
Patients showed decreased basic trust but were able to learn from the trustworthy behaviour of their counterpart. Worries about the acceptance by others and low self-esteem are associated with psychosis and attachment anxiety and may explain behaviour that is focused on conciliation, rather than self-protection
The European language technology landscape in 2020 : language-centric and human-centric AI for cross-cultural communication in multilingual Europe
Multilingualism is a cultural cornerstone of Europe and firmly anchored in the European treaties including full language equality. However, language barriers impacting business, cross-lingual and cross-cultural communication are still omnipresent. Language Technologies (LTs) are a powerful means to break down these barriers. While the last decade has seen various initiatives that created a multitude of approaches and technologies tailored to Europe’s specific needs, there is still an immense level of fragmentation. At the same time, AI has become an increasingly important concept in the European Information and Communication Technology area. For a few years now, AI – including many opportunities, synergies but also misconceptions – has been overshadowing every other topic. We present an overview of the European LT landscape, describing funding programmes, activities, actions and challenges in the different countries with regard to LT, including the current state of play in industry and the LT market. We present a brief overview of the main LT-related activities on the EU level in the last ten years and develop strategic guidance with regard to four key dimensions
The CMS Phase-1 pixel detector upgrade
The CMS detector at the CERN LHC features a silicon pixel detector as its innermost subdetector. The original CMS pixel detector has been replaced with an upgraded pixel system (CMS Phase-1 pixel detector) in the extended year-end technical stop of the LHC in 2016/2017. The upgraded CMS pixel detector is designed to cope with the higher instantaneous luminosities that have been achieved by the LHC after the upgrades to the accelerator during the first long shutdown in 2013–2014. Compared to the original pixel detector, the upgraded detector has a better tracking performance and lower mass with four barrel layers and three endcap disks on each side to provide hit coverage up to an absolute value of pseudorapidity of 2.5. This paper describes the design and construction of the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector as well as its performance from commissioning to early operation in collision data-taking.Peer reviewe
In-vivo X-ray Dark-Field Chest Radiography of a Pig
X-ray chest radiography is an inexpensive and broadly available tool for initial assessment of the
lung in clinical routine, but typically lacks diagnostic sensitivity for detection of pulmonary diseases
in their early stages. Recent X-ray dark-field (XDF) imaging studies on mice have shown significant
improvements in imaging-based lung diagnostics. Especially in the case of early diagnosis of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), XDF imaging clearly outperforms conventional radiography.
However, a translation of this technique towards the investigation of larger mammals and finally
humans has not yet been achieved. In this letter, we present the first in-vivo XDF full-field chest
radiographs (32 × 35 cm²) of a living pig, acquired with clinically compatible parameters (40s scan time,
approx. 80 μSv dose). For imaging, we developed a novel high-energy XDF system that overcomes the
limitations of currently established setups. Our XDF radiographs yield sufficiently high image quality
to enable radiographic evaluation of the lungs. We consider this a milestone in the bench-to-bedside
translation of XDF imaging and expect XDF imaging to become an invaluable tool in clinical practice,
both as a general chest X-ray modality and as a dedicated tool for high-risk patients affected by
smoking, industrial work and indoor cooking
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The neural mechanisms of social reward in early psychosis
In chronic psychosis, reduced trust is associated with a neural insensitivity to social reward and reduced theory of mind (ToM). Here we investigate whether these mechanisms could underlie emerging social impairments in early psychosis. Twenty-two participants with early psychosis and 25 controls (male, 13–19 years) participated in two interactive trust games against a cooperative and unfair partner. Region of interest neuroimaging analyses included right caudate, medial pre-frontal cortex (mPFC) and right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ), involved in reward and ToM processing. Both groups showed similar levels of trust (i.e. investments). However, individuals with psychosis failed to activate the caudate differentially in response to cooperation and unfairness while making decisions to trust. During cooperative returns patients showed reduced and controls increased caudate activation. Patients demonstrated greater rTPJ activation than controls, possibly pointing towards compensatory mechanisms. Effects were associated with WASI vocabulary scores. No group differences emerged in mPFC activation. Early psychosis is associated with an aberrant neural sensitivity to social reward. This could foster reduced social motivation and social isolation. Absent behavioural differences in early, relative to chronic psychosis could indicate that trust is achieved through increased compensatory demand on ToM
Real-time ultrasound-guided balloon dilatational percutaneous tracheostomy is a safe procedure in critically ill patients: an evaluation study
Reduced brain reward response during cooperation in first-degree relatives of patients with psychosis:an fMRI study
Background. Psychosis is characterized by a profound lack of trust and disturbed social interactions. Investigating the neural basis of these deficits is difficult because of medication effects but first-degree relatives show qualitatively similar abnormalities to patients with psychosis on various tasks. This study aimed to investigate neural activation in siblings of patients in response to an interactive task. We hypothesized that, compared to controls, siblings would show (i) less basic trust at the beginning of the task and (ii) reduced activation of the brain reward and mentalizing systems