3,204 research outputs found

    A Force-Balanced Control Volume Finite Element Method for Multi-Phase Porous Media Flow Modelling

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    Dr D. Pavlidis would like to acknowledge the support from the following research grants: Innovate UK ‘Octopus’, EPSRC ‘Reactor Core-Structure Re-location Modelling for Severe Nuclear Accidents’) and Horizon 2020 ‘In-Vessel Melt Retention’. Funding for Dr P. Salinas from ExxonMobil is gratefully acknowledged. Dr Z. Xie is supported by EPSRC ‘Multi-Scale Exploration of Multi-phase Physics in Flows’. Part funding for Prof Jackson under the TOTAL Chairs programme at Imperial College is also acknowledged. The authors would also like to acknowledge Mr Y. Debbabi for supplying analytic solutions.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    Higher-order conservative interpolation between control-volume meshes: Application to advection and multiphase flow problems with dynamic mesh adaptivity

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    © 2016 .A general, higher-order, conservative and bounded interpolation for the dynamic and adaptive meshing of control-volume fields dual to continuous and discontinuous finite element representations is presented. Existing techniques such as node-wise interpolation are not conservative and do not readily generalise to discontinuous fields, whilst conservative methods such as Grandy interpolation are often too diffusive. The new method uses control-volume Galerkin projection to interpolate between control-volume fields. Bounded solutions are ensured by using a post-interpolation diffusive correction. Example applications of the method to interface capturing during advection and also to the modelling of multiphase porous media flow are presented to demonstrate the generality and robustness of the approach

    DCO+^+, DCN and N2_2D+^+ reveal three different deuteration regimes in the disk around the Herbig Ae star HD163296

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    The formation pathways of deuterated species trace different regions of protoplanetary disks and may shed light into their physical structure. We aim to constrain the radial extent of main deuterated species; we are particularly interested in spatially characterizing the high and low temperature pathways for enhancing deuteration of these species. We observed the disk surrounding the Herbig Ae star HD 163296 using ALMA in Band 6 and obtained resolved spectral imaging data of DCO+^+ (JJ=3-2), DCN (JJ=3-2) and N2_2D+^+ (JJ=3-2). We model the radial emission profiles of DCO+^+, DCN and N2_2D+^+, assuming their emission is optically thin, using a parametric model of their abundances and radial excitation temperature estimates. DCO+^+ can be described by a three-region model, with constant-abundance rings centered at 70 AU, 150 AU and 260 AU. The DCN radial profile peaks at about ~60 AU and N2_2D+^+ is seen in a ring at ~160 AU. Simple models of both molecules using constant abundances reproduce the data. Assuming reasonable average excitation temperatures for the whole disk, their disk-averaged column densities (and deuterium fractionation ratios) are 1.6-2.6×1012\times 10^{12} cm−2^{-2} (0.04-0.07), 2.9-5.2×1012\times 10^{12} cm−2^{-2} (∌\sim0.02) and 1.6-2.5 ×1011\times 10^{11} cm−2^{-2} (0.34-0.45) for DCO+^+, DCN and N2_2D+^+, respectively. Our simple best-fit models show a correlation between the radial location of the first two rings in DCO+^+ and the DCN and N2_2D+^+ abundance distributions that can be interpreted as the high and low temperature deuteration pathways regimes. The origin of the third DCO+^+ ring at 260 AU is unknown but may be due to a local decrease of ultraviolet opacity allowing the photodesorption of CO or due to thermal desorption of CO as a consequence of radial drift and settlement of dust grains

    Exploring DCO+^+ as a tracer of thermal inversion in the disk around the Herbig Ae star HD163296

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    We aim to reproduce the DCO+^+ emission in the disk around HD163296 using a simple 2D chemical model for the formation of DCO+^+ through the cold deuteration channel and a parametric treatment of the warm deuteration channel. We use data from ALMA in band 6 to obtain a resolved spectral imaging data cube of the DCO+^+ JJ=3--2 line in HD163296 with a synthesized beam of 0."53×\times 0."42. We adopt a physical structure of the disk from the literature that reproduces the spectral energy distribution. We then apply a simplified chemical network for the formation of DCO+^+ that uses the physical structure of the disk as parameters along with a CO abundance profile, a constant HD abundance and a constant ionization rate. Finally, from the resulting DCO+^+ abundances, we calculate the non-LTE emission using the 3D radiative transfer code LIME. The observed DCO+^+ emission is reproduced by a model with cold deuteration producing abundances up to 1.6×10−111.6\times 10^{-11}. Warm deuteration, at a constant abundance of 3.2×10−123.2\times 10^{-12}, becomes fully effective below 32 K and tapers off at higher temperatures, reproducing the lack of DCO+^+ inside 90 AU. Throughout the DCO+^+ emitting zone a CO abundance of 2×10−72\times 10^{-7} is found, with ∌\sim99\% of it frozen out below 19 K. At radii where both cold and warm deuteration are active, warm deuteration contributes up to 20\% of DCO+^+, consistent with detailed chemical models. The decrease of DCO+^+ at large radii is attributed to a temperature inversion at 250 AU, which raises temperatures above values where cold deuteration operates. Increased photodesorption may also limit the radial extent of DCO+^+. The corresponding return of the DCO+^+ layer to the midplane, together with a radially increasing ionization fraction, reproduces the local DCO+^+ emission maximum at ∌\sim260 AU.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, accepted 7th July 201

    Vanishing artifficial diffusion as a mechanism to accelerate convergence for multiphase porous media flow

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    Numerical solution of the equations governing multiphase porous media flow is challenging. A common approach to improve the performance of iterative non-linear solvers for these problems is to introduce artificial diffusion. Here, we present a mass conservative artificial diffusion that accelerates the non-linear solver but vanishes when the solution is converged. The vanishing artificial diffusion term is saturation dependent and is larger in regions of the solution domain where there are steep saturation gradients. The non-linear solver converges more slowly in these regions because of the highly non-linear nature of the solution. The new method provides accurate results while significantly reducing the number of iterations required by the non-linear solver. It is particularly valuable in reducing the computational cost of highly challenging numerical simulations, such as those where physical capillary pressure effects are dominant. Moreover, the method allows converged solutions to be obtained for Courant numbers that are at least two orders of magnitude larger than would otherwise be possible

    Comparative Genomics Analysis of a New Exiguobacterium Strain from Salar de Huasco Reveals a Repertoire of Stress-Related Genes and Arsenic Resistance

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    IndexaciĂłn: Web of Science; Scopus.The Atacama Desert hosts diverse ecosystems including salt flats and shallow Andean lakes. Several heavy metals are found in the Atacama Desert, and microorganisms growing in this environment show varying levels of resistance/tolerance to copper, tellurium, and arsenic, among others. Herein, we report the genome sequence and comparative genomic analysis of a new Exiguobacterium strain, sp. SH31, isolated from an altiplanic shallow athalassohaline lake. Exiguobacterium sp. SH31 belongs to the phylogenetic Group II and its closest relative is Exiguobacterium sp. S17, isolated from the Argentinian Altiplano (95% average nucleotide identity). Strain SH31 encodes a wide repertoire of proteins required for cadmium, copper, mercury, tellurium, chromium, and arsenic resistance. Of the 34 Exiguobacterium genomes that were inspected, only isolates SH31 and S17 encode the arsenic efflux pump Acr3. Strain SH31 was able to grow in up to 10 mM arsenite and 100 mM arsenate, indicating that it is arsenic resistant. Further, expression of the ars operon and acr3 was strongly induced in response to both toxics, suggesting that the arsenic efflux pump Acr3 mediates arsenic resistance in Exiguobacterium sp. SH31.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00456/ful

    Improving the convergence behaviour of a fixed-point-iteration solver for multiphase flow in porous media

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    A new method to admit large Courant numbers in the numerical simulation of multiphase flow is presented. The governing equations are discretized in time using an adaptive Ξ-method. However, the use of implicit discretizations does not guarantee convergence of the nonlinear solver for large Courant numbers. In this work, a double-fixed point iteration method with backtracking is presented, which improves both convergence and convergence rate. Moreover, acceleration techniques are presented to yield a more robust nonlinear solver with increased effective convergence rate. The new method reduces the computational effort by strengthening the coupling between saturation and velocity, obtaining an efficient backtracking parameter, using a modified version of Anderson's acceleration and adding vanishing artificial diffusion
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