State and progress of Andean lupin cultivation in Europe: a review

ReviewLupinus mutabilis is an important source of protein in different Andean countries, and its use in diets, particularly those of less wealthy individuals, has been observed for thousands of years. There is an increasing demand for protein crops suitable for Europe and this species is a potential candidate. Assessment of Lupinus mutabilis genetic material in European conditions started more than 40 years ago, with the characterization of a vast number of accessions from the Andean region. In this review, abiotic and biotic constraints to L. mutabilis cultivation in European soil and climatic conditions are discussed, and cultivation management practices are suggested. The beneficial interaction of L. mutabilis with Bradyrhizobium strains in the soil and various pollinator species is also discussed, and the effect of abiotic stresses on these interactions is highlighted. Prospects of alternative uses of L. mutabilis biomass in Northern Europe and opportunities for breeding strategies are discussed. In conclusion, the different approach to crop modeling for Southern and Northern European climatic conditions is highlightedinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Somaclonal variation from cultured immature embryos of sister lines of rye differing in heterochromatic content

Somaclonal variation occurred among rye plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos of five sister lines that differed in their content of telomeric heterochromatin. Variation was observed in morphology, chromosome number, and secalin seed storage proteins. Morphological variation was present in 9.7% of the regenerants and included albinism and variegation, which appeared in different frequencies among the lines. Chromosome variation occurred in 15.8% of the regenerants and included translocations, tetraploidy, and trisomy in addition to meiotic disturbances such as centromere misbehaviour and asyndesis. Some of the regenerated plants were mosaic for the structural and numerical chromosome aberrations. The nature of the chromosome variation also differed among the lines. A single variant in the 40K γ-secalins was detected. The occurrence of variation is discussed in relation to differences in morphogenetic response of the rye lines and to the genotypic component of instability in culture.Key words: somaclonal variation, immature embryo culture, rye heterochromatin, chromosome variation, secalins.&nbsp

Root Growth Parameters of Converted Race Stocks of Upland Cotton and Two BC2F2 Populations

Genetic modification of the rooting system may lead to more drought tolerant upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. This experiment was designed to evaluate rooting traits at the seedling stage for 68 Converted Race Stocks (CRS) compared with TAM94L-25 and 'Lankart 142', and to investigate the recoverability of robust rooting traits in two BC2F2 populations derived by crossing a robust (M-9044-0031) and a nonrobust (M-9044-0057) rooting CRS donor parent with TAM94L-25. Initial screen of the CRS showed that genetic variation occurred among the 68 accessions for root length (RL), lateral root number (LRN), root fresh weight (RFW), lateral root dry weight (LRDW), and total root dry weight (TRDW). There was a 2.3-, 2.6-, 4.6-, 4.8-, and 4.4-fold difference among the 11 most robust and 11 least robust rooting CRS accessions for RL, LRN, RFW, LRDW, and TRDW, respectively. However, no CRS were identified that were superior to the elite germplasm and BC2F2 recurrent parent, TAM94L-25. The robust rooting population of M-9044-0031/3*TAM94L-25 produced longer RL and more LRN per plant than the nonrobust rooting population of M-9044-0057/3*TAM94L-25. However, no differences were observed between the two BC2F 2 populations for root weight parameters. Results suggest that the day-neutral CRS accessions have useful genetic variability for root growth parameters, that robustness of seedling rooting parameters can be recovered easily, and that seedling rooting robustness can be improved by crossing robust rooting parents

Variation in telomeric heterochromatin in somaclones of rye

Somaclonal variation in telomeric heterochromatin was detected by in situ hybridization with the het 1 probe, which hybridizes to a 380-bp repeated sequence family. In a control cultivar, Gazelle, large blocks of signal were detected at the telomeres but not at the centromeres or the secondary constrictions. In the donor line, 7R - , labelling was restricted to small telomeric dots, confirming that the large telomeric blocks had been removed in selection of this line. In situ hybridization with the het 1 probe to chromosomes of selfed progeny from 50 plants regenerated from independent cultured immature embryos of the 7R - line revealed variant patterns for three regenerants. In the progeny of two regenerants, a new interstitial hybridization site was detected on the short arm of a submetacentric chromosome. This site was not at the nucleolus organizer. In the progeny of the third regenerant two changes were detected: an enlarged telomeric block on the long arm of an unidentified chromosome and an interstitial site on the long arm of chromosome 6. All three regenerated plants had shown normal morphology and meiotic behaviour. The identification of somaclonal variants in telomeric heterochromatin provides further evidence for variation in repeated DNA sequences in plant tissue culture