352 research outputs found
Assessment of Feeding Behavior of the Zoo-Housed Lesser Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) and Nutritional Values of Natural Prey
Very little information is available to zoo managers on the nutritional preferences of the lesser anteater, a highly specialized predator. By studying lesser anteater feeding behavior, we expect to contribute to improved management decisions and individual welfare experiences. We studied the response of zoo-housed lesser anteaters (n = 7) to feeders with live ants (Acromyrmex lundi) and termites (Cortaritermes fulviceps), and we also evaluated the nutritional values of these prey. We individually evaluated each lesser anteater (3 sessions), recording activities by camera. We ground insect samples into a coarse meal and evaluated in vitro biochemical parameters (humidity, lipids proteins, ash, and carbohydrates). Lesser anteaters spent more time with termites than with ants and consumed more termites. Ant meal presented a higher protein and lipid content than termite meal (35.28 ± 0.18% vs. 18.19 ± 0.34% and 16.95 ± 0.13% vs. 6.54 ± 0.31%, respectively), and carbohydrate digestibility was higher in termites. These findings indicate an association between the level of insect consumption and nutritional and digestibility values. This is the first exploration of lesser anteater responses to the presence of social insects in feeders and may serve to guide the study of food preferences in captivity.Fil: Zárate, Valentín. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Mufari, Jesica Romina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Abalos Luna, Lucía G.. Universidad Catolica de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.agropecuarias. Hospital Clinico Veterinario; ArgentinaFil: Villarreal, Daniel P.. Parque de la Biodiversidad de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Busso, Juan Manuel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; Argentin
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Variability and trends in dynamical forcing of tropical lower stratospheric temperatures
The contribution of dynamical forcing to variations and trends in tropical
lower stratospheric
70 hPa temperature for the period 1980–2011 is estimated based on ERA-Interim
and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis data. The dynamical forcing is estimated from the
tropical mean residual upwelling calculated with the momentum balance equation,
and with a simple proxy based on eddy heat fluxes averaged between
25° and 75° in both hemispheres. The thermodynamic energy equation
with Newtonian cooling is used to relate the dynamical forcing to temperature.
The deseasonalised, monthly mean time series of all four calculations are
highly correlated (~ 0.85) with temperature for the period 1995–2011
when variations in radiatively active tracers are small.
All four calculations provide additional support to previously noted
prominent aspects of the
temperature evolution 1980–2011:
an anomalously strong dynamical cooling (~ −1 to −2 K)
following the Pinatubo eruption that partially offsets the warming
from enhanced aerosol, and
a few years of enhanced dynamical cooling
(~ −0.4 K) after October 2000 that contributes to
the prominent drop in water entering the stratosphere at that time.
The time series of dynamically forced temperature calculated with the same
method are more highly correlated and have more
similar trends than those from the same reanalysis but with different methods.
For 1980–2011 (without volcanic periods), the eddy heat flux calculations give a
dynamical cooling of
~ −0.1 to ~ −0.25 K decade−1
(magnitude sensitive to latitude belt considered and reanalysis),
largely due to increasing high latitude eddy heat flux trends in September
and December–January. The eddy heat flux trends also explain the seasonality
of temperature trends very well, with maximum cooling in January–February.
Trends derived from momentum balance calculations show near-zero annual mean
dynamical cooling, with weaker seasonal trends especially in December–January.
These contradictory results arising from uncertainties in data and methods are
discussed and put in context to previous analyses
Response of Arctic ozone to sudden stratospheric warmings
Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are the main source of
intra-seasonal and interannual variability in the extratropical stratosphere.
The profound alterations to the stratospheric circulation that accompany such
events produce rapid changes in the atmospheric composition. The goal of this
study is to deepen our understanding of the dynamics that control changes of
Arctic ozone during the life cycle of SSWs, providing a quantitative analysis
of advective transport and mixing. We use output from four ensemble members
(60 years each) of the Whole Atmospheric Community Climate Model version 4
performed for the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative and also use reanalysis
and satellite data for validation purposes. The composite evolution of ozone
displays positive mixing ratio anomalies of up to 0.5–0.6 ppmv above 550 K
( ∼  50 hPa) around the central warming date and negative anomalies
below (−0.2 to −0.3 ppmv), consistently in observations, reanalysis, and
the model. Our analysis shows a clear temporal offset between ozone eddy
transport and diffusive ozone fluxes. The initial changes in ozone are mainly
driven by isentropic eddy fluxes linked to enhanced wave drag responsible for
the SSW. The recovery of climatological values in the aftermath of SSWs is
slower in the lower than in the upper stratosphere and is driven by the
competing effects of cross-isentropic motions (which work towards the
recovery) and isentropic irreversible mixing (which delays the recovery).
These features are enhanced in strength and duration during sufficiently deep
SSWs, particularly those followed by polar-night jet oscillation (PJO)
events. It is found that SSW-induced ozone concentration anomalies below
600 K ( ∼  40 hPa), as well as total column estimates, persist around
1 month longer in PJO than in non-PJO warmings.</p
Further Characterization of the Electrogenicity and pH Sensitivity of the Human Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are involved in the liver uptake of many endogenous and xenobiotic compounds, such as bile acids and drugs, respectively. Using Xenopus laevis oocytes and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing rat Oatp1a1, human OATP1B1, or OATP1B3, the sensitivity of these transporters to extracellular/intracellular pH (pHo/pHi) and changes in plasma membrane potential (ΔΨ) was investigated. In X. laevis oocytes, nonspecific plasma membrane permeability increased only at pHo below 4.5. Above this value, both using oocytes and CHO cells, extracellular acidification affected differently the specific transport of taurocholic acid (TCA) and estradiol 17β-d-glucuronide (E217βG) by Oatp1a1 (stimulation), OATP1B1 (inhibition), and OATP1B3 (stimulation). Changes in substrate uptake in the presence of valinomycin (K+-ionophore), carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone and nigericin (protonophores), and amiloride (Na+/H+-inhibitor) and cation replacement in the medium were studied with fluorescent probes for measuring substrate uptake (cholylglycyl amidofluorescein) and changes in pHi (SNARF-4F) and ΔΨ [DilC1(5)]. The results suggest that activity of these three carriers is sodium/potassium-independent and affected differently by changes in pHo and ΔΨ: Oatp1a1 was confirmed to be an electroneutral anion exchanger, whereas the function of both OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 was markedly affected by the magnitude of ΔΨ. Moreover, electrophysiological measurements revealed the existence of a net anion influx associated to OATP1B1/OATP1B3-mediated transport of TCA, E217βG, and estrone-3-sulfate. Furthermore, a leakage of Na+ through OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, which is not coupled to substrate transport, was found. In conclusion, these results suggest that OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are electrogenic transporters whose activity may be strongly affected under circumstances of displacement of local pH
Vulnerabilities and reparative strategies during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period:moving from rhetoric to action
Maternal outcomes throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period are influenced by interlinked and interdependent vulnerabilities. A comprehensive understanding of how various threats and barriers affect maternal and perinatal health is critical to plan, evaluate and improve maternal health programmes. This paper builds on the introductory paper of the Series on the determinants of maternal health by assessing vulnerabilities during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. We synthesise and present the concept of vulnerability in pregnancy and childbirth, and map vulnerability attributes and their dynamic influence on maternal outcomes in early and late pregnancy and during childbirth and the postnatal period, with a particular focus on low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We summarise existing literature and present the evidence on the effects of various reparative strategies to improve pregnancy and childbirth outcomes. Lastly, we discuss the implications of the identified vulnerability attributes and reparative strategies for the efforts of policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers working towards improving outcomes for women and birthing people in LMICs
Predicting field NO emissions from crop residues based on their biochemical composition: A meta-analytical approach
Crop residue incorporation is a common practice to increase or restore organic matter stocks in agricultural soils. However, this practice often increases emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (NO). Previous meta-analyses have linked various biochemical properties of crop residues to NO emissions, but the relationships between these properties have been overlooked, hampering our ability to predict NO emissions from specific residues. Here we combine comprehensive databases for NO emissions from crop residues and crop residue biochemical characteristics with a random-meta-forest approach, to develop a predictive framework of crop residue effects on NO emissions. On average, crop residue incorporation increased soil NO emissions by 43% compared to residue removal, however crop residues led to both increases and reductions in NO emissions. Crop residue effects on NO emissions were best predicted by easily degradable fractions (i.e. water soluble carbon, soluble Van Soest fraction (NDS)), structural fractions and N returned with crop residues. The relationship between these biochemical properties and NO emissions differed widely in terms of form and direction. However, due to the strong correlations among these properties, we were able to develop a simplified classification for crop residues based on the stage of physiological maturity of the plant at which the residue was generated. This maturity criteria provided the most robust and yet simple approach to categorize crop residues according to their potential to regulate NO emissions. Immature residues (high water soluble carbon, soluble NDS and total N concentration, low relative cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin fractions, and low C:N ratio) strongly stimulated NO emissions, whereas mature residues with opposite characteristics had marginal effects on NO. The most important crop types belonging to the immature residue group – cover crops, grasslands and vegetables – are important for the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. Thus, these residues should be managed properly to avoid their potentially high NO emissions
No evidence for differential sociosexual behavior and space use in the color morphs of the European common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis)
Explaining the evolutionary origin and maintenance of color polymorphisms is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Such polymorphisms are commonly thought to reflect the existence of alternative behavioral or life-history strategies under negative frequency-dependent selection. The European common wall lizardPodarcis muralisexhibits a striking ventral color polymorphism that has been intensely studied and is often assumed to reflect alternative reproductive strategies, similar to the iconic "rock-paper-scissors" system described in the North American lizardUta stansburiana. However, available studies so far have ignored central aspects in the behavioral ecology of this species that are crucial to assess the existence of alternative reproductive strategies. Here, we try to fill this gap by studying the social behavior, space use, and reproductive performance of lizards showing different color morphs, both in a free-ranging population from the eastern Pyrenees and in ten experimental mesocosm enclosures. In the natural population, we found no differences between morphs in site fidelity, space use, or male-female spatial overlap. Likewise, color morph was irrelevant to sociosexual behavior, space use, and reproductive success within experimental enclosures. Our results contradict the commonly held hypothesis thatP. muralismorphs reflect alternative behavioral strategies, and suggest that we should instead turn our attention to alternative functional explanations
Oral Antihypertensives for Nonsevere Pregnancy Hypertension: Systematic Review, Network Meta- and Trial Sequential Analyses.
BACKGROUND: We aimed to address which antihypertensives are superior to placebo/no therapy or another antihypertensive for controlling nonsevere pregnancy hypertension and provide future sample size estimates for definitive evidence. METHODS: Randomized trials of antihypertensives for nonsevere pregnancy hypertension were identified from online electronic databases, to February 28, 2021 (registration URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; unique identifier: CRD42020188725). Our outcomes were severe hypertension, proteinuria/preeclampsia, fetal/newborn death, small-for-gestational age infants, preterm birth, and admission to neonatal care. A Bayesian random-effects model generated estimates of direct and indirect treatment comparisons. Trial sequential analysis informed future trials needed. RESULTS: Of 1246 publications identified, 72 trials were included; 61 (6923 women) were informative. All commonly prescribed antihypertensives (labetalol, other β-blockers, methyldopa, calcium channel blockers, and mixed/multi-drug therapy) versus placebo/no therapy reduced the risk of severe hypertension by 30% to 70%. Labetalol decreased proteinuria/preeclampsia (odds ratio, 0.73 [95% credible interval, 0.54-0.99]) and fetal/newborn death (odds ratio, 0.54 [0.30-0.98]) compared with placebo/no therapy, and proteinuria/preeclampsia compared with methyldopa (odds ratio, 0.66 [0.44-0.99]) and calcium channel blockers (odds ratio, 0.63 [0.41-0.96]). No other differences were identified, but credible intervals were wide. Trial sequential analysis indicated that 2500 to 10 000 women/arm (severe hypertension or safety outcomes) to >15 000/arm (fetal/newborn death) would be required to provide definitive evidence. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, all commonly prescribed antihypertensives in pregnancy reduce the risk of severe hypertension, but labetalol may also decrease proteinuria/preeclampsia and fetal/newborn death. Evidence is lacking for many other safety outcomes. Prohibitive sample sizes are required for definitive evidence. Real-world data are needed to individualize care
Increased placental expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 in preeclampsia
BackgroundThe endocannabinoid system plays a key role in female reproduction, including implantation, decidualization and placentation. In the present study, we aimed to analyze cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), CB2 and fatty acid amid hydrolase (FAAH) expressions and localization in normal and preeclamptic placenta, in order to determine whether placental endocannabinoid expression pattern differs between normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.MethodsEighteen preeclamptic patients and 18 normotensive, healthy pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies were involved in our case inverted question markcontrol study. We determined CB1, CB2 and FAAH expressions by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in placental samples collected directly after Cesarean section.ResultsCB1 expression semi-quantified by Western blotting was significantly higher in preeclamptic placenta, and these findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CB1 immunoreactivity was markedly stronger in syncytiotrophoblasts, the mesenchymal core, decidua, villous capillary endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as in the amnion in preeclamptic samples compared to normal pregnancies. However, we did not find significant differences between preeclamptic and normal placenta in terms of CB2 and FAAH expressions and immunoreactivity.ConclusionsWe observed markedly higher expression of CB1 protein in preeclamptic placental tissue. Increased CB1 expression might cause abnormal decidualization and impair trophoblast invasion, thus being involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nevertheless, we did not find significant differences between preeclamptic and normal placental tissue regarding CB2 and FAAH expressions. While the detailed pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still unclear, the endocannabinoid system could play a role in the development of the disease
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