The Bronze Age decorated cave Les Fraux unusual status: ritual uses of an atypical French heritage site

International audienceThe Bronze Age decorated cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France) combines cave art and evidence for domestic and symbolic activities. The interdisciplinary research which has been conducted on the site since 2007 attempts to untangle the interwoven uses of this cave for later prehistoric communities, during short but regular human visitations, by combining chronology, interactions between individuals and their environment, and emerging technologies. The cave seems first to have been characterised by symbolic activity (cave art, votive deposits), becoming increasingly used for domestic activities. One aim of the research was the interpretation of archaeological data within a framework which combined space and time, from data acquisition, implementation of site monitoring, experimentation and simulation to reconstruction. We employed an integrative research approach based on new technologies, involving full 3D documentation of the entire site and processing of interdisciplinary data according to accurate 3D models of the cave, which provided a common framework for the various studies and partners involved. The difficulty of our study, however, lies in the definition and the meaning of ritual or symbolic gesture, as practiced in a cave context

A new process of reconstructing archaeological fires from their impact on sediment: a coupled experimental and numerical approach based on the case study of hearths from the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France)

International audienceA novel approach to the intensity of archaeological fires is proposed, based on a combination of archaeological observations and analyses of sedimentary hearths with relevant proxies obtained from using experimental combustion structures. In this work, two different structures were built and monitored. They aimed at reproducing two types of archaeological hearth morphology encountered at the Bronze Age site of the cave of Les Fraux (Saint Martin de Fressengeas, Dordogne, France). A series of fires was constructed and a large amount of data was collected: temperature curves, wood consumption and observations on substratum evolution. A numerical code for heat transfer was developed to model heat propagation from the surface to the underlying sedimentary layers, the input parameters of which were adapted to fit the thermal evolution observed with the experimental fires. We found that two archaeological parameters are fundamental to characterise the intensity of the fire: the paleotemperature reached at the surface of the burnt sediment (which in our case was determined by thermoluminescence analyses) and the depth of the rubefaction front as an indicator of a 250 °C isothermal surface. We then estimated the duration of an equivalent single fire that would correspond to one of the archaeological hearths investigated. Finally, with the wood consumption recorded during the fire experiments, and the estimated firing duration, the energy involved was evaluated. When generalised to the study of archaeological hearths, this approach could be of great interest in firing intensity evaluation (temperature/time/energy)