123 research outputs found

    Automatisation et comparaison de différentes méthodes respirométriques d'estimation rapide de la DBO

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    II est bien connu que la DBO peut étre mesurée par des méthodes respiromédriques. Les manipulations sont ainsi rendues plus aisées mais la durée de la mesure reste inchangée. La demande biologique en oxygène à court terme (DBOACT) a été proposée pour évaluer rapidement la DBO. Habituellement, ces mesures étaient réalisées dans un respiromètre fermé avec une boue acclimatée et en état de respiration endogène. Récemment on a suggéré de travailler avec un respiromètre ouvert, aéré continuellement durant le test. Nous avons réalisé un tel appareil avec une acquisition et un traitement automatique des données, en utilisant un micro-ordinateur. De cette façon, il est facile de tester différentes méthodes (intégration de la courbe en sac, hauteur de pic, comparaison à des étalons, usage d'étalons internes) pour évaluer la DBO. Nous avons également examiné l'influence du type de substrat, de l'âge et des caractéristiques des boues. Notre conclusion est que aucune des méthodes testées ne fournit une détermination précise de la DBO5 pour des substrats complexes. La méthode reste utile pour contrôler la variabilité de l'influent dans une station d'épuration, lorsque la biomasse est acclimatée au substrat et qu'on ne désire pas une mesure très précise.The usual way of measuring BOD is the dilution method. The consumption of oxygen is measured in the dark at 20 °C during 5 days. Manometric methods were proposed already some decades ago. Their principle is that every molecule of oxygen consumed la transformed into CO2 which is absorbed in a solution of KOH, creating a pressure variation in the bottle. From this pressure variation the BOD can be calculated. By this way experiments were made easier but the duration of the measure remained unchanged. Other respirometric methods were also proposed, especially Short Term Biological Oxygen Demand (STBOD) to evaluate BOD rapidly. Usually such determinations were done in closed respirometers with acclimated sludge under endogeneous respiration condition. Recently, it was suggested to proceed in an open respirometer aerated continuously during the test. We set up this type of respirometer with acquisition and automatic processing of the data, using a microcomputer. In this way it was easy to test different procedures. Among these procedures we tested :- the method of integration of curve in sack-from,- the method of peak level,- the method of comparison to standards,- the method of internal standards.The principles of these methods are given in more detail in the text. We examined the influence of the type of substrate, of the type of biomass used and of the sludge retention time on the results. The substrates tested were :- glucose,- domestic waste water with and without detergent,- diluted eggs,- diluted beer,- effluents from the paper industry.Three different types of biomass and these sludge retention times (fresh, 5 days and 20 days) were used. Automatisation of the test and automatic processing of the data were carried out in basic language with an « Apple II » microcomputer.The test lasted between 37' and 3 hours 10', depending on the conditions (substrate, concentration, type of sludge,...)Analysis of the results were computerized by the Analysis of Variance (ANO-VA) method and results are lasted in 3 tables.From this study we can conclude that STOD methods have some advantages :- they are much faster than the classical method,- they can be easily automatized,- they are cheap,- oxygen is really consumed by biological processes.For simple substrates these methods can lead to good results but for complex substrates reproductibility and precision are rather poor. Among the methods tested the only acceptable one seems to be the integration of the curve in sack-form. Lack of reproductibility appears to be intrinsic to the method.Some possible improvements are presented, such as washing the activated sludge between two experiments, but are not very practical.Despite these limitations the method can be useful to control the variability of influent in a sewage treatment plant. In such a case, the biomass is acclimated to the substrate and variations of influent BOD can be measured

    Windsurfing : an extreme form of material and embodied interaction?

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    This paper makes reference to the development of water based board sports in the world of adventure or action games. With a specific focus on windsurfing, we use Parlebas (1999) and Warnier's (2001) theoretical interests in the praxaeology of physical learning as well as Mauss' (1935) work on techniques of the body. We also consider the implications of Csikzentimihalyi's notion of flow (1975). We argue that windsurfing equipment should not merely be seen as protection but rather as status objects through which extreme lifestyles are embodied and embodying

    Economic Growth, Innovation, Cultural Diversity: What are we all Talking About? A Critical Survey of the State-of-the-art

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    Et si on commençait par les résultats ? Elaboration d’une démarche de définition des acquis d’apprentissage d’un programme de formation universitaire

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    Qu’aurai-je réellement appris au terme de mes études universitaires ? Voilà une question, bien légitime, que se posent les étudiants au moment où ils entament leurs études supérieures et les enseignants au moment de concevoir un nouveau programme de formation ou d’en modifier le contenu. Cette interrogation renvoie aux résultats qu’ils peuvent attendre tous deux d’un processus d’apprentissage, ce que l’on appelle les acquis d’apprentissage c’est-à-dire ce qu’un étudiant sait, comprend et est capable de réaliser au terme d’un processus d’apprentissage ( Donnely & Fitzmaurice, 2005). L’objectif de cet article est de présenter comment, en s’appuyant sur le concept d’acquis d’apprentissage, on peut mener une réflexion sur la cohérence (Biggs & Tang, 2007) et la lisibilité d’un programme de formation dans une approche-programme (Prégent, Bernard, Kozanitis, 2009). Pour aider à la conduite de cette réflexion, nous avons élaboré une méthodologie, en collaboration avec des enseignants et des responsables de programme. En lien avec l’émergence du concept d’acquis d’apprentissage dans les politiques européennes, nous expliciterons cette méthodologie ainsi que le processus qui a conduit à son élaboration

    Web based monitoring and control of industrial processes

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    Abstract Nowadays the Internet is playing a very important role in different domains. During the previous years a lot of research has been done for trying to develop applications, which make it possible to supervise and control industrial processes using the World Wide Web. Although different experiments have proven that this technology has a great impact in the future there are still some problems. These problems concern architectures, requirement specifications, and security aspects. This report will give a brief overview about the design methods and architectures developed so far for the Internet-based process control systems and also about the problems concerning security aspects
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