Field trials of a new monitoring system for water pumps in Sierra Leone and The Gambia

Many hand water pumps across Sub-Saharan Africa break down prematurely and remain out of service for significant periods of time. This issue has been well documented, with reports suggesting that between 20% and 65% of hand pumps in a number of African countries are broken. It has also been reported that broken hand pumps in this region have represented between $1.2 and$1.5 billion of ineffective investment over the last twenty years. Regular post-construction monitoring of remote water pumps can help address these problems. However, in many instances traditional monitoring programmes require regular site visits to remote locations, which can delay the implementation of repairs and place heavy time and resource demands on supervisory bodies. In response there has been an emerging interest in the use of mobile phone based technologies to monitor water pumps. The authors describe a new monitoring system, called MANTIS (Monitoring & ANalytics To Improve Service), which is intended to be a context-appropriate monitoring tool for hand pumps in developing regions. The paper introduces field trials of this system that have been conducted in Sierra Leone and The Gambia. The unit relays ‘near real time’ operational data from the water pump via an SMS (Short Message Service) server to an accessible on-line platform

Review of remote monitoring systems for the delivery of sustainable and resilient water infrastructure

Purpose This paper aims to present a literature review of remote monitoring systems for water infrastructure in the Global South. Design/methodology/approach Following initial scoping searches, further examination was made of key remote monitoring technologies for water infrastructure in the Global South. A standard literature search methodology was adopted to examine these monitoring technologies and their respective deployments. This hierarchical approach prioritised “peer-reviewed” articles, followed by “scholarly” publications, then “credible” information sources and, finally, “other” relevant materials. The first two search phases were conducted using academic search services (e.g. Scopus and Google Scholar). In the third and fourth phases, Web searches were carried out on various stakeholders, including manufacturers, governmental agencies and non-governmental organisations/charities associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in the Global South. Findings This exercise expands the number of monitoring technologies considered in comparison to earlier review publications. Similarly, preceding reviews have largely focused upon monitoring applications in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper explores opportunities in other geographical regions and highlights India as a significant potential market for these tools. Research limitations/implications This review predominantly focuses upon information/data currently available in the public domain. Practical implications Remote monitoring technologies enable the rapid detection of broken water pumps. Broken water infrastructure significantly impacts many vulnerable communities, often leading to the use of less protected water sources and increased exposure to water-related diseases. Further to these public health impacts, there are additional economic disadvantages for these user communities. Originality/value This literature review has sought to address some key technological omissions and to widen the geographical scope associated with previous investigations

Field testing a remote monitoring system for hand water pumps

Throughout Africa, many hand water pumps malfunction and remain inoperable for long periods of time. Previous studies from a number of Sub-Saharan countries have indicated that in some regions up to 65% of hand pumps may be broken. It is reported that robust monitoring of remote water pumps can help address some of these problems. However, traditional project monitoring strategies generally rely on physical site visits to remote locations. These visits can be time consuming and resource intensive, which in turn may delay the implementation of pump repairs. In contrast, recent years have seen the emergence of a range of new monitoring technologies that use mobile phone networks to rapidly report the operational status of water projects from remote sites. The authors describe the development of a new monitoring system, called MANTIS, which is intended for hand pumps in developing regions. The paper presents data from early field trials of MANTIS in Sierra Leone and The Gambia. The unit relays ‘near real time’ operational data from the water pump to an accessible on- line platform

Hydraulic optimisation of multiple flow control locations for the design of local real time control systems

Local real-time control (RTC) represents a potentially cost-effective solution for stormwater management in urban drainage systems. Existing methodologies to select the location of flow control devices (FCDs) are limited to single gate systems and are based on analysis of activated storage volume capacity, without considering hydrodynamic processes or rainfall characteristics. In this paper, a new genetic algorithm (GA)–based methodology is developed to determine the optimal location of multiple FCDs in urban drainage networks, when assessing RTC performance through hydraulic analysis. The methodology is tested on a case study network, where a high number of possible FCD location arrangements are tested and compared, and the RTC effectiveness in reducing combined sewer overflows has been evaluated over a range of design storm events. Results demonstrate the capability of the proposed method in selecting robust FCD placement strategies, for example when designing local RTC systems to meet specific performance criteria

Variation in dermcidin expression in a range of primary human tumours and in hypoxic/oxidatively stressed human cell lines.

Dermcidin acts as a survival factor in a variety of cancer cell lines under hypoxia or oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate dermcidin expression in cell lines following simulation of tumour microenvironmental conditions and in a range of primary tumours. Tumour tissues were collected from patients with oesophageal (28 samples), gastric (20), pancreatic (five), bile duct (one) and prostatic (52) carcinomas as well as 30 benign tissue samples, for assessment of dermcidin mRNA levels using real-time PCR. Dermcidin expression was assessed in prostatic and pancreatic cancer cell lines, with and without induction of hypoxia or oxidative stress. Dermcidin mRNA expression was very low or absent in both unstressed and stressed prostate cell lines. None of the primary prostate tissue, benign or malignant, expressed dermcidin mRNA. Only two (4%) of the gastro-oesophageal cancer samples expressed moderate quantities of dermcidin mRNA. However, three (60%) of the pancreatic cancer samples and the single cholangiocarcinoma specimen had moderate/high levels of dermcidin expression. Of the two pancreatic cancer cell lines, one expressed dermcidin moderately but neither showed a response to hypoxia or oxidative stress. Expression of dermcidin in human primary tumours appears highly variable and is not induced substantially by hypoxia/oxidative stress in cell line model systems. The relationship of these findings to dermcidin protein levels and cell survival remains to be determined

Increased expression of phosphorylated forms of RNA-dependent protein kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α may signal skeletal muscle atrophy in weight-losing cancer patients

Previous studies suggest that the activation (autophosphorylation) of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) can stimulate protein degradation, and depress protein synthesis in skeletal muscle through phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) on the α-subunit. To understand whether these mediators are important in muscle wasting in cancer patients, levels of the phospho forms of PKR and eIF2α have been determined in rectus abdominus muscle of weight losing patients with oesophago-gastric cancer, in comparison with healthy controls. Levels of both phospho PKR and phospho eIF2α were significantly enhanced in muscle of cancer patients with weight loss irrespective of the amount and there was a linear relationship between phosphorylation of PKR and phosphorylation of eIF2α (correlation coefficient 0.76, P=0.005). This suggests that phosphorylation of PKR led to phosphorylation of eIF2α. Myosin levels decreased as the weight loss increased, and there was a linear relationship between myosin expression and the extent of phosphorylation of eIF2α (correlation coefficient 0.77, P=0.004). These results suggest that phosphorylation of PKR may be an important initiator of muscle wasting in cancer patients

Authentication and characterisation of a new oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell line: MFD-1.

New biological tools are required to understand the functional significance of genetic events revealed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies in oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). The MFD-1 cell line was isolated from a 55-year-old male with OAC without recombinant-DNA transformation. Somatic genetic variations from MFD-1, tumour, normal oesophagus, and leucocytes were analysed with SNP6. WGS was performed in tumour and leucocytes. RNAseq was performed in MFD-1, and two classic OAC cell lines FLO1 and OE33. Transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) was performed in MFD-1, OE33, and non-neoplastic HET1A cells. Functional studies were performed. MFD-1 had a high SNP genotype concordance with matched germline/tumour. Parental tumour and MFD-1 carried four somatically acquired mutations in three recurrent mutated genes in OAC: TP53, ABCB1 and SEMA5A, not present in FLO-1 or OE33. MFD-1 displayed high expression of epithelial and glandular markers and a unique fingerprint of open chromatin. MFD-1 was tumorigenic in SCID mouse and proliferative and invasive in 3D cultures. The clinical utility of whole genome sequencing projects will be delivered using accurate model systems to develop molecular-phenotype therapeutics. We have described the first such system to arise from the oesophageal International Cancer Genome Consortium project.Cancer Research UK, Medical Research CouncilThis is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep3241