PRODUKTIVITAS GETAH PINUS (Pinus merkusii) PADA VARIASI DIAMETER DAN JUMLAH KOAKAN DI KAMPUS PSDKU USK GAYO LUES

Pohon Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese merupakan jenis pinus yang tumbuh asli di wilayah Indonesia. Pinus merkusii termasuk dalam kategori pohon fast growing species yang secara alami tersebar di Pulau Sumatera (Aceh, Tapanuli dan Kerinci). Pohon ini memiliki beragam manfaat seperti getah yang dapat diolah menjadi gondorukem dan terpentin. Produksi getah pinus memiliki tingkatan dan metode penyadapan yang berbeda yang berpengaruh terhadap kuantitas getah pinus yang dihasilkan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui produksi getah pinus dan pengaruh dari diameter pohon dengan menggunakan metode koakan. Penelitian telah dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Juli 2022 di sekitar kampus PSDKU Gayo Lues. Sampel diambil pada tiga kelas diameter pinus yaitu kelas diameter 1 (26-30 cm) sebanyak 3 koakan, kelas diameter 2 (31-35 cm) sebanyak 4 koakan, dan kelas diameter 3 (36-40 cm) sebanyak 5 koakan. Setiap kelas diulang 3 kali sehingga jumlah sampel perlakuan didapatkan 18 sampel secara acak lengkap (RAL). Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi software SPSS 16.0 dan untuk mengetahui perbedaan produksi getah pinus pada masing-masing kelas diameter akan dianalisis menggunakan uji one-way (ANOVA). Apabila hasil pengujian signifikansi < 0,05 maka dilakukan uji lanjut dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diameter pohon pinus sangat berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi getah pinus, produksi getah pinus yang dihasilkan paling besar ada pada kelas diameter 3 dengan diameter batang 36-40 cm dengan ratarata produksi getah pinus 853.67 gr/kelas. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar diameter batang pinus maka produksi getah yang dihasilkan akan semakin banyak. Kata kunci: Diameter, Getah, Koakan, Pinus merkusii, RA

Meeting the audience challenge in the 'Age of Participation'

This paper explores the nature of a 'participatory museum experience' targeted at twenty-first century core audiences. It highlights the holistic nature of the museum visit; emphasises the importance of matching lifestyle expectations; argues for the central role of social interaction; prioritises the process of learning over outcomes; and both defines participatory exhibits and provides a preliminary typology. It concludes with a brief discussion of the root and branch transformation of museum structures implied by a participatory, social interaction-based approach

Second asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST-2): a randomised comparison of carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy

Background: Among asymptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis but no recent stroke or transient cerebral ischaemia, either carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can restore patency and reduce long-term stroke risks. However, from recent national registry data, each option causes about 1% procedural risk of disabling stroke or death. Comparison of their long-term protective effects requires large-scale randomised evidence. Methods: ACST-2 is an international multicentre randomised trial of CAS versus CEA among asymptomatic patients with severe stenosis thought to require intervention, interpreted with all other relevant trials. Patients were eligible if they had severe unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis and both doctor and patient agreed that a carotid procedure should be undertaken, but they were substantially uncertain which one to choose. Patients were randomly allocated to CAS or CEA and followed up at 1 month and then annually, for a mean 5 years. Procedural events were those within 30 days of the intervention. Intention-to-treat analyses are provided. Analyses including procedural hazards use tabular methods. Analyses and meta-analyses of non-procedural strokes use Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN21144362. Findings: Between Jan 15, 2008, and Dec 31, 2020, 3625 patients in 130 centres were randomly allocated, 1811 to CAS and 1814 to CEA, with good compliance, good medical therapy and a mean 5 years of follow-up. Overall, 1% had disabling stroke or death procedurally (15 allocated to CAS and 18 to CEA) and 2% had non-disabling procedural stroke (48 allocated to CAS and 29 to CEA). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-year non-procedural stroke were 2·5% in each group for fatal or disabling stroke, and 5·3% with CAS versus 4·5% with CEA for any stroke (rate ratio [RR] 1·16, 95% CI 0·86–1·57; p=0·33). Combining RRs for any non-procedural stroke in all CAS versus CEA trials, the RR was similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (overall RR 1·11, 95% CI 0·91–1·32; p=0·21). Interpretation: Serious complications are similarly uncommon after competent CAS and CEA, and the long-term effects of these two carotid artery procedures on fatal or disabling stroke are comparable. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and Health Technology Assessment Programme

Genome sequencing and population genomic analyses provide insights into the adaptive landscape of silver birch

Silver birch (Betula pendula) is a pioneer boreal tree that can be induced to flower within 1 year. Its rapid life cycle, small (440-Mb) genome, and advanced germplasm resources make birch an attractive model for forest biotechnology. We assembled and chromosomally anchored the nuclear genome of an inbred B. pendula individual. Gene duplicates from the paleohexaploid event were enriched for transcriptional regulation, whereas tandem duplicates were overrepresented by environmental responses. Population resequencing of 80 individuals showed effective population size crashes at major points of climatic upheaval. Selective sweeps were enriched among polyploid duplicates encoding key developmental and physiological triggering functions, suggesting that local adaptation has tuned the timing of and cross-talk between fundamental plant processes. Variation around the tightly-linked light response genes PHYC and FRS10 correlated with latitude and longitude and temperature, and with precipitation for PHYC. Similar associations characterized the growth-promoting cytokinin response regulator ARR1, and the wood development genes KAK and MED5A.Peer reviewe