Effects of different hydration supports on stride kinematics, comfort, and impact accelerations during running

Background: Different supports for hydration can influence total body mass and affect running biomechanics. Research question: Do different hydration supports affect the perceived exertion and comfort, stride kinematics, and impact accelerations during running?. Methods: This was a crossover study design. Thirteen trail runners completed a treadmill running test divided into four different durations and randomized hydration supports conditions, lasting 8 min each at moderate intensity: A) waist bag (0.84 kg); B) medium load backpack (0.84 kg); C) full load backpack (3.40 kg); and D) a control condition without water support. Impact accelerations were measured for 30 s in 4, 6, and 8 min. The rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were registered on minutes 4 and 8. At the last minute of each condition, comfort perception was registered. Results and significance: No condition affected the stride kinematics. Full load backpack condition reduced head acceleration peak (−0.21 g; p = 0.04; ES=0.4) and head acceleration magnitude (−0.23 g; p = 0.03; ES=0.4), and increased shock attenuation (3.08 g; p = 0.04; ES=0.3). It also elicited higher perceived exertion (p 0.8) being considered heavier (p 1.1). The waist bag condition was more comfortable in terms of noise (p = 0.006; ES=1.3) and humidity/heat (p = 0.001; ES=0.8). The waist bag was the most comfortable support. On the other hand, the full backpack elicited lower comfort and was the only generating compensatory adjustments. These results may help to improve design of full load backpack aiming at comfort for runners

Estudio preliminar de la activación neuromuscular corriendo descalzo y calzado

The aim of this preliminary study was to compare the influence of footwear and the fatigue state on the muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis. For this purpose, 7 participants ran a 20-min fatiguing run on a treadmill at 1% slope at 75% of their individual maximal aerobic speed. Muscle activation was measured twice during 30 seconds before and after the fatiguing run while running shod and barefoot. Before the fatiguing run, running barefoot led to a greater activation of the peroneus longus compared to running shod. When running fatigued, running barefoot also increased the activation of the tibialis anterior compared to running shod. Moreover, the fatigue state decreased the gastrocnemius medialis activity when running shod.El objetivo del presente estudio preliminar fue comparar la actividad muscular de los músculos tibial anterior, peroneo lateral largo, gastrocnemio medial ygastrocnemio lateral entre la carrera con y sin calzado, y la influencia de la fatiga. 7 participantes realizaron una carrera de fatiga de 20 minutos al 75% de su velocidad aeróbica máxima en cinta con 1% de pendiente. Se midió la actividad mioeléctrica de los músculos antes mencionados tanto antes como después de la prueba de fatiga en dos condiciones: con calzado y sin calzado. Los resultadosmostraron una mayor actividad del tibial anterior durante la carrera en fatiga descalzo respecto a la carrera calzado y una mayor actividad del peroneo lateral largo durante la carrera sin fatiga descalzo. Por otra parte, también se encontró una menoractividad del gastrocnemio medial durante la carrera con zapatillas y en fatiga respecto a la carrera sin fatiga

Unsymmetric (mu-oxido)/(mu-pyrazolato) and, Symmetric (mu-pyrazolato)(2) Bridged Diosmium Frameworks: Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties

The present article deals with the structurally characterized unsymmetric oxido/pyrazolato-bridged [(bpy)(2)Os-III(mu-oxido)(mu-pz)Os-III(bpy)(2)](ClO4)(3) ([1](ClO4)(3)) and symmetric dipyrazolato-bridged [(bpy)(2)Os-II(mu-pz)(2)Os-II(bpy)(2)](ClO4)(2) ([2](ClO4)(2)) (pz = pyrazolato, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) complexes with the Os center dot center dot center dot Os separations of 3.484 and 4.172 angstrom, respectively. The anti-ferromagnetically coupled Os-III centers [E(S = 1)-E(BS(1,1) S = 0) = 322.504 cm(-1)] in 1(3+) and diamagnetic (S = 0) 2(2+) exhibit well-resolved H-1 NMR resonances. [1](ClO4)(3) shows temperature- and magnetic field-dependent paramagnetism at low magnetic field and diamagnetism at high magnetic field. 1(3+) and 2(2+) display successive metal-based oxidation processes involving the intermediate mixed-valent states and isovalent congeners: (OsOsIV)-Os-IV (1(5+))(R)(OsOsIV)-Os-III (1(4+))reversible arrow(OsOsIII)-Os-III (1(3+))reversible arrow(OsOsII)-Os-III (1(2+)) and (OsOsIII)-Os-III (2(4+))(R)(OsOsIII)-Os-II (2(3+))reversible arrow(OsOsII)-Os-II (2(2+)) as well as bpy-centered reductions. The effect of pi donor O2- and sigma/pi-donating pz(-) in 1(3+) and 2(2+), respectively, leads to varying oxidation state of the metal ions in the isolated complexes: (OsOsIII)-Os-III versus (OsOsII)-Os-II. UV-visible-near-IR-electron paramagnetic resonance spectro-electrochemistry and density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent DFT calculations collectively reveal overlapping of the metal- and ligand (pz, O, bpy)-based frontier orbitals in the delocalized mixed-valent states in 1(4+) and 1(2+) with comproportionation constant (K-c) value > 1 x 10(14) as well as in isovalent 1(3+), resulting in mixed metal/ligand to metal/ligand near-IR transitions in all the three states. The mixed-valent (OsOsIII)-Os-II state in 2(3+) exhibits high K-c value of 1 x 10(22) corresponding to a strong electrochemical coupling situation. However, closeness of the bandwidth (Delta nu(1/2), 4861 cm(-1)) of broad and weak intervalence charge transfer transition of 2(3+) at 1360 nm (epsilon/M-1 cm(-1): 490) with the calculated Delta nu(1/2) of 4121 cm(-1) based on the Hush formula as well as spin-density distributions of Os1: 0.811/0.799, Os2: 0.045/0042, and pz: 0.162/0.173 in meso and rac diastereomeric forms, respectively, attribute its localized class II state

Effects of prefabricated and custom-made foot orthoses on skin temperature of the foot soles after running

Objective: Foot orthoses are increasingly used by runners despite the controversy about whether their use can reduce the risk of overuse injuries. Some authors have found modifications in plantar pressures with the use of foot orthoses, which could produce changes in the surface skin temperature of the foot soles. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of custom-made and prefabricated foot orthoses on the skin temperature of different regions of both foot soles after running. Approach: Twenty-four participants carried out a maximal aerobic speed test as a pre-test, and three running tests at the laboratory wearing different foot orthoses conditions (control, prefabricated and custom-made) previously randomized. Skin temperature of four regions of interest of the foot soles was assessed before, immediately after and ten minutes after running. Main results: The use of prefabricated and custom-made foot orthoses did not produce changes on skin temperature of the foot soles neither in absolute temperatures (p > 0.05), nor in temperature variations: between immediately after and before running (p > 0.05), and between ten minutes after and immediately after running (p > 0.05). Otherwise, higher values were found with no insoles than with prefabricated foot orthoses, 10 min after running in relation to before running, in forefoot [mean (standard deviation): 5.6 (2.4) versus 3.7 (2.7) °C; p = 0.02; effect size (ESd) = 0.72], midfoot [3.7 (1.5) versus 2.7 (1.5) °C; p = 0.03; ESd = 0.65] and rearfoot [4.18 (2.05) versus 2.9 (1.82) °C; p = 0.02; ESd = 0.64)]. Significance: In conclusion, the use of foot orthoses, in general, does not affect the surface skin temperature of the foot soles after an intense run.SIThis research has been supported by the Spanish Government: ‘Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Subdirección General de Proyectos de Investigación, Convocatoria de Poryectos I + D “Excelencia”, Subprograma de Generación de Conocimiento (2013)’. Project reference: DEP2013-48420-P. Ms Irene Jimenez Perez’s work has been funded with a doctoral fellowship (FPU) received from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universitie

Preliminary study of the neuromuscular activation during barefoot and shod running

El objetivo del presente estudio preliminar fue comparar la actividad muscular de los músculos tibial anterior, peroneo lateral largo, gastrocnemio medial y gastrocnemio lateral entre la carrera con y sin calzado, y la influencia de la fatiga. 7 participantes realizaron una carrera de fatiga de 20 minutos al 75% de su velocidad aeróbica máxima en cinta con 1% de pendiente. Se midió la actividad mioeléctrica de los músculos antes mencionados tanto antes como después de la prueba de fatiga en dos condiciones: con calzado y sin calzado. Los resultados mostraron una mayor actividad del tibial anterior durante la carrera en fatiga descalzo respecto a la carrera calzado y una mayor actividad del peroneo lateral largo durante la carrera sin fatiga descalzo. Por otra parte, también se encontró una menor actividad del gastrocnemio medial durante la carrera con zapatillas y en fatiga respecto a la carrera sin fatiga

The Jaen Statement 2004: Consensus document of the International Conference on the healthy effects of virgin olive oil

Aging represents a great concern in developed countries because the number of people involved and the pathologies related with it, like atherosclerosis, Parkinson, Alzheimer, vascular dementia, cognitive decline, diabetes and cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest that a Mediterranean diet (which is rich in virgin olive oil) decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The Mediterranean diet, rich in virgin olive oil, improves the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as the lipoprotein profile, blood pressure, glucose metabolism antiantithrombotic profile. Endothelial function, inflammation and oxidative stress are also positively modulated. Some of these effects are attributed to minor components of virgin olive oil. Therefore, the definition of the Mediterranean diet should include virgin olive oil. Different observational studies conducted in humans have shown that the intake of monounsaturated fat may be protective against age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Microconstituents from virgin olive oil are bioavailable in humans and have shown antioxidant properties and capacity to improve endothelial function. Furthermore, they are also able to modify the haemostasis, showing antithrombotic properties. In countries in which the populations fulfilled a typical Mediterranean diet, such as Spain, Greece, and Italy, where virgin olive oil is the principal source of fat, cancer incidence rates are lower than in Northern European countries. The protective effect of virgin olive oil can be most important in the first decades of life, which suggests that the dietetic benefit of virgin olive oil intake should be initiated before puberty, and maintained through life. The more recent studies consistently support that the Mediterranean diet, based in virgin olive oil, is compatible with a healthier aging and increased longevity. However, despite the significant advances of the recent years, the final proof about the specific mechanisms and contributing role of the different components of virgin olive oil to its beneficial effects requires further investigations