64 research outputs found
Mechanism of Deep-focus Earthquakes Anomalous Statistics
Analyzing the NEIC-data we have shown that the spatial deep-focus earthquake
distribution in the Earth interior over the 1993-2006 is characterized by the
clearly defined periodical fine discrete structure with period L=50 km, which
is solely generated by earthquakes with magnitude M 3.9 to 5.3 and only on the
convergent boundary of plates. To describe the formation of this structure we
used the model of complex systems by A. Volynskii and S. Bazhenov. The key
property of this model consists in the presence of a rigid coating on a soft
substratum. It is shown that in subduction processes the role of a rigid
coating plays the slab substance (lithosphere) and the upper mantle acts as a
soft substratum. Within the framework of this model we have obtained the
estimation of average values of stress in the upper mantle and Young's modulus
for the oceanic slab (lithosphere) and upper mantle.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure
Akhania, a new genus for Salsola daghestanica, Caroxylon canescens and C. carpathum (Salsoloideae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae)
Genus Salsola s.l. was recently split into several genera of different phylogenetic placements within Salsoloideae, but both taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of some parts of the former broadly defined Salsola still need to be clarified. A remarkable example is Salsola canescens nom. illegit. ≡ Salsola boissieri, a taxon with tricky taxonomic history that was only recently transferred to the genus Caroxylon (tribe Caroxyleae). Salsola daghestanica, a narrow endemic of Central Dagestan (Russian Federation), was not even included in previous molecular studies of Salsoloideae and therefore still lacks an appropriate estimation of its relationships. Molecular phylogeny constructed here using nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data clearly placed Salsola daghestanica and Caroxylon carpathum as sister taxa and the clade S. daghestanica, Caroxylon canescens (Salsola boissieri), C. carpathum (Salsola carpatha) as a sister of the monophyletic Caroxylon. All three species are distinct from Caroxylon from a morphological standpoint. In conclusion, a new genus, Akhania, was established for these taxa. The detailed distribution of Akhania daghestanica is presented for the first time
The role of engagement in teleneurorehabilitation: A systematic review
The growing understanding of the importance of involving patients with neurological diseases in their healthcare routine either for at-home management of their chronic conditions or after the hospitalization period has opened the research for new rehabilitation strategies to enhance patient engagement in neurorehabilitation. In addition, the use of new digital technologies in the neurorehabilitation \ufb01eld enables the implementation of telerehabilitation systems such as virtual reality interventions, video games, web-based interventions, mobile applications, web-based or telephonic telecoach programs, in order to facilitate the relationship between clinicians and patients, and to motivate and activate patients to continue with the rehabilitation process at home. Here we present a systematic review that aims at reviewing the effectiveness of different engagement strategies and the different engagement assessments while using telerehabilitation systems in patients with neurological disorders. We used PICO\u2019s format to de\ufb01ne the question of the review, and the systematic review protocol was designed following the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Bibliographical data was collected by using the following bibliographic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eighteen studies were included in this systematic review for full-text analyses. Overall, the reviewed studies using engagement strategies through telerehabilitation systems in patients with neurological disorders were mainly focused on patient self-management and self-awareness, patient motivation, and patient adherence subcomponents of engagement, that are involved in by the behavioral, cognitive, and emotional dimensions of engagement. Conclusion: The studies commented throughout this systematic review pave the way for the design of new telerehabilitation protocols, not only focusing on measuring quantitative or qualitative measures but measuring both of them through a mixed model intervention design (1). The future clinical studies with a mixed model design will provide more abundant data regarding the role of engagement in telerehabilitation, leading to a possibly greater understanding of its underlying components
KamLAND-experiment and Soliton-like Nuclear Georeactor. Part 1. Comparison of Theory with Experiment
We give an alternative description of the data produced in the KamLAND
experiment, assuming the existence of a natural nuclear reactor on the boundary
of the liquid and solid phases of the Earth's core. Analyzing the uncertainty
of antineutrino spectrum of georeactor origin, we show that the theoretical
(which takes into account the soliton-like nuclear georeactor) total reactor
antineutrino spectra describe with good accuracy the experimental KamLAND-data
over the years of 2002-2007 and 2002-2009, respectively. At the same time the
parameters of mixing ({\Delta}(m21)^2=2.5\cdot 10^-5 eV^2,
tan^2{\theta}12=0.437) calculated within the framework of georeactor hypothesis
substantially differ from the parameters of mixing ({\Delta}(m21)^2=7.49\cdot
10^-5 eV^2, tan^2{\theta}12=0.436) obtained in KamLAND-experiment for total
exposure over the period of 2002-2009. By traingulation of KamLAND and Borexino
data we have constructed the coordinate location of soliton-like nuclear
georeactors on the boundary of the liquid and solid phases of the Earth core.
Based on the necessary condition of full synchronization of geological
(magnetic) time scale and time evolution of heat power of nuclear georeactor,
which plays the role of energy source of the Earth magnetic field, and also the
strong negative correlation between magnetic field of the solar tachocline zone
and magnetic field of the Earth liquid core (Y-component) we have obtain the
estimation of nuclear georeactor average heat power ~30 TW over the years
2002-2009.Comment: 50 pages; 17 figures; 1 table. A substantially revised, corrected and
enhanced editio
Opinion dynamics: models, extensions and external effects
Recently, social phenomena have received a lot of attention not only from
social scientists, but also from physicists, mathematicians and computer
scientists, in the emerging interdisciplinary field of complex system science.
Opinion dynamics is one of the processes studied, since opinions are the
drivers of human behaviour, and play a crucial role in many global challenges
that our complex world and societies are facing: global financial crises,
global pandemics, growth of cities, urbanisation and migration patterns, and
last but not least important, climate change and environmental sustainability
and protection. Opinion formation is a complex process affected by the
interplay of different elements, including the individual predisposition, the
influence of positive and negative peer interaction (social networks playing a
crucial role in this respect), the information each individual is exposed to,
and many others. Several models inspired from those in use in physics have been
developed to encompass many of these elements, and to allow for the
identification of the mechanisms involved in the opinion formation process and
the understanding of their role, with the practical aim of simulating opinion
formation and spreading under various conditions. These modelling schemes range
from binary simple models such as the voter model, to multi-dimensional
continuous approaches. Here, we provide a review of recent methods, focusing on
models employing both peer interaction and external information, and
emphasising the role that less studied mechanisms, such as disagreement, has in
driving the opinion dynamics. [...]Comment: 42 pages, 6 figure
Galactic Cosmic Rays - Clouds Effect and Bifurcation Model of the Earth Global Climate. Part 2. Comparison of Theory with Experiment
The solution of energy-balance model of the Earth global climate and the
EPICA Dome C and Vostok experimental data of the Earth surface
palaeotemperature evolution over past 420 and 740 kyr are compared. In the
framework of proposed bifurcation model (i) the possible sharp warmings of the
Dansgaard-Oeschger type during the last glacial period due to stochastic
resonance is theoretically argued; (ii) the concept of climatic sensitivity of
water in the atmosphere, whose temperature instability has the form of
so-called hysteresis loop, is proposed, and based of this concept the time
series of global ice volume over the past 1000 kyr, which is in good agreement
with the time series of delta O-18 concentration in the sea sediments, is
obtained; (iii) the so-called "CO2 doubling" problem is discussedComment: 19 pages, 4 figure
Rapid Chromosome Evolution in Recently Formed Polyploids in Tragopogon (Asteraceae)
Polyploidy, frequently termed "whole genome duplication", is a major force in the evolution of many eukaryotes. Indeed, most angiosperm species have undergone at least one round of polyploidy in their evolutionary history. Despite enormous progress in our understanding of many aspects of polyploidy, we essentially have no information about the role of chromosome divergence in the establishment of young polyploid populations. Here we investigate synthetic lines and natural populations of two recently and recurrently formed allotetraploids Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus (formed within the past 80 years) to assess the role of aberrant meiosis in generating chromosomal/genomic diversity. That diversity is likely important in the formation, establishment and survival of polyploid populations and species.Applications of fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) to natural populations of T. mirus and T. miscellus suggest that chromosomal rearrangements and other chromosomal changes are common in both allotetraploids. We detected extensive chromosomal polymorphism between individuals and populations, including (i) plants monosomic and trisomic for particular chromosomes (perhaps indicating compensatory trisomy), (ii) intergenomic translocations and (iii) variable sizes and expression patterns of individual ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci. We even observed karyotypic variation among sibling plants. Significantly, translocations, chromosome loss, and meiotic irregularities, including quadrivalent formation, were observed in synthetic (S(0) and S(1) generations) polyploid lines. Our results not only provide a mechanism for chromosomal variation in natural populations, but also indicate that chromosomal changes occur rapidly following polyploidisation.These data shed new light on previous analyses of genome and transcriptome structures in de novo and establishing polyploid species. Crucially our results highlight the necessity of studying karyotypes in young (<150 years old) polyploid species and synthetic polyploids that resemble natural species. The data also provide insight into the mechanisms that perturb inheritance patterns of genetic markers in synthetic polyploids and populations of young natural polyploid species
Classical Morphology of Plants as an Elementary Instance of Classical Invariant Theory
It has long been known that structural chemistry shows an intriguing correspondence with Classical Invariant Theory (CIT). Under this view, an algebraic binary form of the degree n corresponds to a chemical atom with valence n and each physical molecule or ion has an invariant-theoretic counterpart. This theory was developed using the Aronhold symbolical approach and the symbolical processes of convolution/transvection in CIT was characterized as a potential “accurate morphological method”. However, CIT has not been applied to the formal morphology of living organisms. Based on the morphological interpretation of binary form, as well as the process of convolution/transvection, the First and Second Fundamental Theorems of CIT and the Nullforms of CIT, we show how CIT can be applied to the structure of plants, especially when conceptualized as a series of plant metamers (phytomers). We also show that the weight of the covariant/invariant that describes a morphological structure is a criterion of simplicity and, therefore, we argue that this allows us to formulate a parsimonious method of formal morphology. We demonstrate that the “theory of axilar bud” is the simplest treatment of the grass seedling/embryo. Our interpretations also represent Troll's bauplan of the angiosperms, the principle of variable proportions, morphological misfits, the basic types of stem segmentation, and Goethe's principle of metamorphosis in terms of CIT. Binary forms of different degrees might describe any repeated module of plant organisms. As bacteria, invertebrates, and higher vertebrates are all generally shared a metameric morphology, wider implications of the proposed symmetry between CIT and formal morphology of plants are apparent
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