44 research outputs found

    Physical activity responsive miRNAs – Potential mediators of training responses in human skeletal muscle?

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    Lihaskudoksen NAD+-puutos ja Serpina3n molekyylibiologisina tekijöinĂ€ hiirten syöpĂ€kakeksiassa – myostatiinin ja aktiviinien estĂ€jien vaikutus

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    SyöpÀkakeksia on patofysiologialtaan vielÀ suurelta osin tuntematon, monitekijÀinen aineenvaihdunnallinen sairaus, jossa paino ja lihaskudoksen mÀÀrÀ laskevat. Kakeksia vaikuttaa suuren osaan syöpÀpotilaista lisÀten heidÀn kuolleisuuttaan ja heikentÀen elÀmÀnlaatua. ElÀinmalleilla lihaskadon estÀminen kokeellisella hoidolla, aktiviinireseptorin salpauksella, on parantanut selviytymistÀ ja vÀhentÀnyt lihasmassan katoa, vaikka syöpÀ itsessÀÀn ei ole parantunut. Tutkimuksemme tavoitteena oli selvittÀÀ tÀmÀn hoidon vaikutusmekanismi, sillÀ se on tÀllÀ hetkellÀ vielÀ epÀselvÀÀ. Tutkimuksessa hiirille injektoitiin suolistosyöpÀsoluja (C26) selÀn rasvakudokseen, mikÀ aiheuttaa pahanlaatuisen kasvaimen muodostumisen ja nopean lihaskadon. Hiirille annettiin kokeellista hoitoa yhdisteellÀ, joka estÀÀ lihasmassan kasvua rajoittavien proteiinien, aktiviinien ja myostatiinien, kiinnittymistÀ niiden solureseptoreihin. Havaitsimme laajoissa proteiinianalyyseissa akuutin faasin reaktion, erityisesti Serpina3n-proteiinin, lisÀÀntymisen ja lihaksen mitokondrioiden energiaa tuottavan oksidatiivisen fosforylaation (OXPHOS) komponenttien mÀÀrÀn vÀhentyneen syöpÀryhmÀssÀ. NiinpÀ analysoimme tarkemmin mitokondrioiden aktiivisuutta histokemiallisesti in situ ja mÀÀritimme mitokondrioiden energiantuotantoreaktioissa toimivan elintÀrkeÀn kofaktorin, nikotiiniamidiadeniinidinukleotidin (NAD+), pitoisuuksia lihaskudoksessa. Mitokondrioaktiivisuus in situ oli osittain heikentynyt syöpÀryhmÀssÀ, jossa myös NAD+:n ja sen metaboliitin NADH:n mÀÀrÀt vÀhentyivÀt. LisÀksi havaitsimme voimakkaan laskun NAD+-biosynteesiin osallistuvan geenin, Nrk2:den ilmaantumisessa. Proteiineista Serpina3n mÀÀrÀ korreloi selkeimmin painonlaskuun, mutta se paljastui ennemmin hoitamattoman kakeksian kuin yleisen lihasmassan biomarkkeriksi. Serpina3n-mÀÀrÀ yhdistyi myös Nrk2:den ilmentymiseen, joka viittaisi yhteyteen lihaksen Nrk2-ekspressiossa ja tulehduksen sÀÀtelyssÀ akuutin faasin reaktion kautta. Aktiviinireseptorin salpauksella pystyimme korjaamaan NAD+-aineenvaihdunnan hÀiriötÀ ja lieventÀmÀÀn OXPHOS-muutoksia. Osoitimme tÀssÀ tutkimuksessa ensimmÀistÀ kertaa, ettÀ syöpÀkakeksian taustalla on NAD+-aineenvaihdunnan hÀiriö ja ettÀ aktiviinireseptorien salpauksella voidaan lihaskadon estÀmisen lisÀksi parantaa NAD+-tasoja. VielÀ ei tiedetÀ, vaikuttaako tÀmÀ kokeellinen hoito suoraan vai vÀlillisesti NAD+-aineenvaihduntaan. Tulevaisuudessa olisi lisÀksi tÀrkeÀ tutkia Nrk2:den roolia syöpÀkakeksiassa ja selvittÀÀ, voidaanko NAD+-esiasteita kÀyttÀÀ syöpÀkakeksian hoitona

    Functional characterization of B class MADS-box transcription factors in Gerbera hybrida

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    According to the classical ABC model, B-function genes are involved in determining petal and stamen development. Most core eudicot species have B class genes belonging to three different lineages: the PI, euAP3, and TM6 lineages, although both Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum appear to have lost their TM6-like gene. Functional studies were performed for three gerbera (Gerbera hybrida) B class MADS-box genes—PI/GLO-like GGLO1, euAP3 class GDEF2, and TM6-like GDEF1—and data are shown for a second euAP3-like gene, GDEF3. In phylogenetic analysis, GDEF3 is a closely related paralogue of GDEF2, and apparently stems from a duplication common to all Asteraceae. Expression analysis and transgenic phenotypes confirm that GGLO1 and GDEF2 mediate the classical B-function since they determine petal and stamen identities. However, based on assays in yeast, three B class heterodimer combinations are possible in gerbera. In addition to the interaction of GGLO1 and GDEF2 proteins, GGLO1 also pairs with GDEF1 and GDEF3. This analysis of GDEF1 represents the first functional characterization of a TM6-like gene in a core eudicot species outside Solanaceae. Similarly to its relatives in petunia and tomato, the expression pattern and transgenic phenotypes indicate that GDEF1 is not involved in determination of petal identity, but has a redundant role in regulating stamen development

    Estrogenic regulation of skeletal muscle proteome : a study of premenopausal women and postmenopausal MZ cotwins discordant for hormonal therapy

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    Female middle age is characterized by a decline in skeletal muscle mass and performance, predisposing women to sarcopenia, functional limitations, and metabolic dysfunction as they age. Menopausal loss of ovarian function leading to low circulating level of 17-estradiol has been suggested as a contributing factor to aging-related muscle deterioration. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown and thus far androgens have been considered as a major anabolic hormone for skeletal muscle. We utilized muscle samples from 24 pre- and postmenopausal women to establish proteome-wide profiles, associated with the difference in age (30-34 years old vs. 54-62 years old), menopausal status (premenopausal vs. postmenopausal), and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT; user vs. nonuser). None of the premenopausal women used hormonal medication while the postmenopausal women were monozygotic (MZ) cotwin pairs of whom the other sister was current HRT user or the other had never used HRT. Label-free proteomic analyses resulted in the quantification of 797 muscle proteins of which 145 proteins were for the first time associated with female aging using proteomics. Furthermore, we identified 17-estradiol as a potential upstream regulator of the observed differences in muscle energy pathways. These findings pinpoint the underlying molecular mechanisms of the metabolic dysfunction accruing upon menopause, thus having implications for understanding the complex functional interactions between female reproductive hormones and health.Peer reviewe

    Muscle NAD+ depletion and Serpina3n as molecular determinants of murine cancer cachexia – the effects of blocking myostatin and activins

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    Objective Cancer cachexia and muscle loss are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In preclinical animal models, blocking activin receptor (ACVR) ligands has improved survival and prevented muscle wasting in cancer cachexia without an effect on tumour growth. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study aimed to identify cancer cachexia and soluble ACVR (sACVR) administration-evoked changes in muscle proteome. Methods Healthy and C26 tumour-bearing (TB) mice were treated with recombinant sACVR. The sACVR or PBS control were administered either prior to the tumour formation or by continued administration before and after tumour formation. Muscles were analysed by quantitative proteomics with further examination of mitochondria and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism. To complement the first prophylactic experiment, sACVR (or PBS) was injected as a treatment following tumour cell inoculation. Results Muscle proteomics in TB cachectic mice revealed downregulated signatures for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and increased acute phase response (APR). These were accompanied by muscle NAD+ deficiency, alterations in NAD+ biosynthesis including downregulation of nicotinamide riboside kinase 2 (Nrk2), and decreased muscle protein synthesis. The disturbances in NAD+ metabolism and protein synthesis were rescued upontreatment with sACVR. Across the whole proteome and APR in particular, Serpina3n represented the most upregulated protein and the strongest predictor of cachexia. However, the increase in Serpina3n expression associated with increased inflammation rather than decreased muscle mass and/or protein synthesis. Conclusions We present here an evidence implicating disturbed muscle mitochondrial OXPHOS proteome and NAD+ homeostasis in experimental cancer cachexia. Treatment of tumour-bearing mice with a blocker of activin receptor ligands restores depleted muscle NAD+ and Nrk2 as well as decreased muscle protein synthesis. These results point out putative new treatment therapies for cachexia. Our results also reveal that although acute phase protein Serpina3n may serve as a predictor of cachexia, it more likely reflects a condition of elevated inflammation.Peer reviewe

    Laatu- ja potilasturvallisuus ensihoidossa ja pĂ€ivystyksessĂ€ – suunnittelusta toteutukseen ja arviointiin

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    Ensihoito ja pÀivystys ovat terveydenhuollon keskeisiÀ osa-alueita, joiden toiminnan erityispiirteiden vuoksi tulee kiinnittÀÀ erityistÀ huomiota laadun ja potilasturvallisuuden varmistamiseen. Ominaista ensihoidolle ja pÀivystykselle ovat ennakoimattomat ja yllÀtykselliset tilanteet, yhteistyö eri viranomaisten kanssa ja tarve nopeaaan pÀÀtöksentekoon. Henkilöstön koulutus ja ammattitaito potilaiden tutkimuksessa ja hoidossa muodostaa toiminnan perustan. Suositus pyrkii antamaan työkaluja laatu- ja potilasturvallisuustyöhön, jotka on integroitava osaksi organisaation pÀivittÀistÀ toimintaa ja kÀytÀntöjÀ. Toistuva itsearviointi ja toiminnan auditointi antavat vÀlineet muutosten suunnittelulle, toteutukselle ja arvioinnille. NÀitÀ laadunhallintatekniikoita ja numeerisia mittareita tÀydentÀÀ kokeneiden ammattihenkilöiden tekemÀ seuranta ja havainnointi pÀivittÀisestÀ toiminnasta sekÀ organisaation omavalvonta. Jotta suosituksen sisÀltö ja henki muuttuisivat kÀytÀnnön toiminnaksi, edellyttÀÀ se aktiivista johtamista ja toiminnan ohjausta. Onnistuminen edellyttÀÀ myös sitÀ, ettÀ työyhteisöissÀ pystytÀÀn luomaan aidosti positiivinen, avoin ja syyllistÀmÀtön ilmapiiri laatu- ja potilasturvallisuustyöhön. Yhdenmukaiset, valtakunnalliset mittaristot ovat tÀrkeitÀ pÀivystyksen ja ensihoidon yksiköiden oman toiminnan kehittÀmisen lisÀksi myös vertailun mahdollistamiseksi eri sairaanhoitopiirien sekÀ julkisen ja yksityisen sektorin palveluntuottajien vÀlillÀ

    Nicotinamide riboside improves muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, satellite cell differentiation, and gut microbiota in a twin study

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    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) has emerged as a promising compound to improve obesity-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome in mice. However, most short-term clinical trials conducted so far have not reported positive outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether long-term NR supplementation boosts mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic health in humans. Twenty body mass index (BMI)- discordant monozygotic twin pairs were supplemented with an escalating dose of NR (250 to 1000 mg/day) for 5 months. NR improved systemic NAD(+) metabolism, muscle mitochondrial number, myoblast differentiation, and gut microbiota composition in both cotwins. NR also showed a capacity to modulate epigenetic control of gene expression in muscle and adipose tissue in both cotwins. However, NR did not ameliorate adiposity or metabolic health. Overall, our results suggest that NR acts as a potent modifier of NAD(+) metabolism, muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and stem cell function, gut microbiota, and DNA methylation in humans irrespective of BMI.Peer reviewe

    Power training and postmenopausal hormone therapy affect transcriptional control of specific co-regulated gene clusters in skeletal muscle

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    At the moment, there is no clear molecular explanation for the steeper decline in muscle performance after menopause or the mechanisms of counteractive treatments. The goal of this genome-wide study was to identify the genes and gene clusters through which power training (PT) comprising jumping activities or estrogen containing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may affect skeletal muscle properties after menopause. We used musculus vastus lateralis samples from early stage postmenopausal (50–57 years old) women participating in a yearlong randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with PT and HRT interventions. Using microarray platform with over 24,000 probes, we identified 665 differentially expressed genes. The hierarchical clustering method was used to assort the genes. Additionally, enrichment analysis of gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways was carried out to clarify whether assorted gene clusters are enriched with particular functional categories. The analysis revealed transcriptional regulation of 49 GO/KEGG categories. PT upregulated transcription in “response to contraction”—category revealing novel candidate genes for contraction-related regulation of muscle function while HRT upregulated gene expression related to functionality of mitochondria. Moreover, several functional categories tightly related to muscle energy metabolism, development, and function were affected regardless of the treatment. Our results emphasize that during the early stages of the postmenopause, muscle properties are under transcriptional modulation, which both PT and HRT partially counteract leading to preservation of muscle power and potentially reducing the risk for aging-related muscle weakness. More specifically, PT and HRT may function through improving energy metabolism, response to contraction as well as by preserving functionality of the mitochondria
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