New contributions to the geographical distinction of painted andalusi plinths

[EN] Few examples remain of artistic Andalusi decoration in the form of painted plinths in residential settings. Several technological issues have arisen when noting potential connections in an attempt to contextualize the styles, geography and chronologies of these plinths. Using XRD, FTIR and stratigraphic analysis, and considering previous research, the study of execution techniques and materials observed in plinths in Baŷŷāna (Almería) has made it possible to establish parallels with decorated plinths from the Barrio de casas de la Alcazaba in Malaga. Based on these results, interesting conclusions can be drawn regarding production techniques which are in keeping with the survival of certain execution procedures of Roman origin for renderings. Furthermore, the existence of a production nucleus grouping the examples from Almería and Malaga is proposed within a technical context which would set them apart.[ES] Una manifestación artística de la decoración andalusí de la que se conservan escasos testimonios son los zócalos pintados en el ámbito doméstico. Los intentos por contextualizar estilística, geográfica y cronológicamente estos zócalos han planteado algunas cuestiones de índole tecnológica a la hora de apuntar posibles conexiones. El estudio de las técnicas de ejecución y materiales empleados en zócalos de Baŷŷāna (Almería), mediante análisis estratigráfico, DRX y FTIR, ha permitido establecer paralelismos con zócalos decorados procedentes del barrio de casas de la Alcazaba de Málaga a partir de una investigación anterior. Los resultados permiten extraer interesantes conclusiones sobre las técnicas de elaboración, que son congruentes con la pervivencia de algunos procedimientos de ejecución de los enlucidos de raigambre romana. Además, se plantea aquí la existencia de un núcleo de producción que agruparía los ejemplos provenientes de Almería y Málaga, cuyo contexto técnico los diferenciaría.Alejandre Sánchez, FJ.; Núñez Guerrero, C.; Díaz Ramos, S.; Pérez-Malumbres Landa, A. (2023). Nuevas aportaciones a la diferenciación geográfica de los zócalos pintados andalusíes. Loggia, Arquitectura & Restauración. (36):40-51. https://doi.org/10.4995/loggia.2023.1996940513

Aerosols in the CALIOPE air quality modelling system: evaluation and analysis of PM levels, optical depths and chemical composition over Europe

The CALIOPE air quality modelling system is developed and applied to Europe with high spatial resolution (12 km × 12 km). The modelled daily-to-seasonal aerosol variability over Europe in 2004 is evaluated and analysed. Aerosols are estimated from two models, CMAQv4.5 (AERO4) and BSC-DREAM8b. CMAQv4.5 calculates biogenic, anthropogenic and sea salt aerosol and BSC-DREAM8b provides the natural mineral dust contribution from North African deserts. For the evaluation, we use daily PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and aerosol components data from 55 stations of the EMEP/CREATE network and total, coarse and fine aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from 35 stations of the AERONET sun photometer network. Annual correlations between modelled and observed values for PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> are 0.55 and 0.47, respectively. Correlations for total, coarse and fine AOD are 0.51, 0.63, and 0.53, respectively. The higher correlations of the PM<sub>10</sub> and the coarse mode AOD are largely due to the accurate representation of the African dust influence in the forecasting system. Overall PM and AOD levels are underestimated. The evaluation of the aerosol components highlights underestimations in the fine fraction of carbonaceous matter (EC and OC) and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA; i.e. nitrate, sulphate and ammonium). The scores of the bulk parameters are significantly improved after applying a simple model bias correction based on the observed aerosol composition. The simulated PM<sub>10</sub> and AOD present maximum values over the industrialized and populated Po Valley and Benelux regions. SIA are dominant in the fine fraction representing up to 80% of the aerosol budget in latitudes north of 40° N. In southern Europe, high PM<sub>10</sub> and AOD are linked to the desert dust transport from the Sahara which contributes up to 40% of the aerosol budget. Maximum seasonal ground-level concentrations (PM<sub>10</sub> > 30 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) are found between spring and early autumn. We estimate that desert dust causes daily exceedances of the PM<sub>10</sub> European air quality limit value (50 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) in large areas south of 45° N with more than 75 exceedances per year in the southernmost regions

An annual assessment of air quality with the CALIOPE modeling system over Spain

The CALIOPE project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of the Environment, aims at establishing an air quality forecasting system for Spain. With this goal, CALIOPE modeling system was developed and applied with high resolution (4 km × 4 km, 1 h) using the HERMES emission model (including emissions of resuspended particles from paved roads) specifically built up for Spain. The present study provides an evaluation and the assessment of the modeling system, coupling WRF-ARW/HERMES/CMAQ/BSC-DREAM8b for a full-year simulation in 2004 over Spain. The evaluation focuses on the capability of the model to reproduce the temporal and spatial distribution of gas phase species (NO2, O3, and SO2) and particulate matter (PM10) against ground-based measurements from the Spanish air quality monitoring network. The evaluation of the modeling results on an hourly basis shows a strong dependency of the performance of the model on the type of environment (urban, suburban and rural) and the dominant emission sources (traffic, industrial, and background). The O3 chemistry is best represented in summer, when mean hourly variability and high peaks are generally well reproduced. The mean normalized error and bias meet the recommendations proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and the European regulations. Modeled O3 shows higher performance for urban than for rural stations, especially at traffic stations in large cities, since stations influenced by traffic emissions (i.e., high-NOx environments) are better characterized with a more pronounced daily variability. NOx/O3 chemistry is better represented under non-limited-NO2 regimes. SO2 is mainly produced from isolated point sources (power generation and transformation industries) which generate large plumes of high SO2 concentration affecting the air quality on a local to national scale where the meteorological pattern is crucial. The contribution of mineral dust from the Sahara desert through the BSC-DREAM8b model helps to satisfactorily reproduce episodic high PM10 concentration peaks at background stations. The model assessment indicates that one of the main air quality-related problems in Spain is the high level of O3. A quarter of the Iberian Peninsula shows more than 30 days exceeding the value 120 μg m−3 for the maximum 8-h O3 concentration as a consequence of the transport of O3 precursors downwind to/from the Madrid and Barcelona metropolitan areas, and industrial areas and cities in the Mediterranean coast

In vivo potential of recombinant granulysin against human melanoma

9-kDa granulysin is a protein expressed into the granules of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. It has been shown to exert cytolysis on microbes and tumors. We showed previously that 9-kDa granulysin exerted cell death by apoptosis in vitro on hematological tumor cell lines and also on cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients. In addition, we have shown the anti-tumor efficiency of granulysin as a single agent in two in vivo models of human tumor development in athymic mice, the MDA-MB-231 mammary adenocarcinoma and the NCI-H929 multiple myeloma, without signs of overt secondary effects by itself. In this work, we have tested recombinant 9-kDa granulysin in an in vivo and especially aggressive model of melanoma development, xenografted UACC62 cells in athymic mice. Recombinant granulysin was administered once UACC62-derived tumors were detectable and it substantially retarded the in vivo development of this aggressive tumor. We could also detect apoptosis induction and increased NK cell infiltration inside granulysin-treated tumor tissues. These observations are especially interesting given the possibility of treating melanoma by intra-tumor injection

Diet of the neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the Santiago River basin, Mexico

The diet of the neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis is reported in the Santiago River, Nayarit - Jalisco, Mexico. A diet based on fish was found (percentage of occurrence 43.86%), with lower frequencies of insects (22.81%), reptiles (9.36%) and amphibians (8.77%), with the introduced fish Oreochromis aureus and Cyprinus carpio, the most consumed.Se reporta la dieta de la nutria neotropical Lontra longicaudis en el Río Santiago, Nayarit/Jalisco, México. Se encontró una dieta basada en peces (porcentaje de ocurrencia 43.86%), con frecuencias menores de insectos (22.81%), reptiles (9.36%) y anfibios (8.77%), siendo los peces introducidos Oreochromis aureus y Cyprinus carpio, las especies más consumidas

The MetNet vehicle: a lander to deploy environmental stations for local and global investigations of Mars

Investigations of global and related local phenomena on Mars such as atmospheric circulation patterns, boundary layer phenomena, water, dust and climatological cycles and investigations of the planetary interior would benefit from simultaneous, distributed in situ measurements. Practically, such an observation network would require low-mass landers, with a high packing density, so a large number of landers could be delivered to Mars with the minimum number of launchers. The Mars Network Lander (MetNet Lander; MNL), a small semi-hard lander/penetrator design with a payload mass fraction of approximately 17 %, has been developed, tested and prototyped. The MNL features an innovative Entry, Descent and Landing System (EDLS) that is based on inflatable structures. The EDLS is capable of decelerating the lander from interplanetary transfer trajectories down to a surface impact speed of 50-70 ms(-1) with a deceleration of < 500 g for < 20 ms. The total mass of the prototype design is approximate to 24 kg, with approximate to 4 kg of mass available for the payload. The EDLS is designed to orient the penetrator for a vertical impact. As the payload bay will be embedded in the surface materials, the bay's temperature excursions will be much less than if it were fully exposed on the Martian surface, allowing a reduction in the amount of thermal insulation and savings on mass. The MNL is well suited for delivering meteorological and atmospheric instruments to the Martian surface. The payload concept also enables the use of other environmental instruments. The small size and low mass of a MNL makes it ideally suited for piggy-backing on larger spacecraft. MNLs are designed primarily for use as surface networks but could also be used as pathfinders for high-value landed missions

The origin of the diffuse non-thermal X-ray and radio emission in the Ophiuchus cluster of galaxies

We present high resolution 240 and 607 MHz GMRT radio observations, complemented with 74 MHz archival VLA radio observations of the Ophiuchus cluster of galaxies, whose radio mini-halo has been recently detected at 1400 MHz. We also present archival Chandra and XMM-Newton data of the Ophiuchus cluster. Our observations do not show significant radio emission from the mini-halo, hence we present upper limits to the integrated, diffuse non-thermal radio emission of the core of the Ophiuchus cluster. The XMM-Newton observations can be well explained by a two-temperature thermal model with temperatures of ~=1.8 keV and ~=9.0 keV, respectively, which confirms previous results that suggest that the innermost central region of the Ophiuchus cluster is a cooling core. We also used the XMM-Newton data to set up an upper limit to the (non-thermal) X-ray emission from the cluster. The combination of available radio and X-ray data has strong implications for the currently proposed models of the spectral energy distribution (SED) from the Ophiuchus cluster. In particular, a synchrotron+IC model is in agreement with the currently available data, if the average magnetic field is in the range (0.02-0.3) microG. A pure WIMP annihilation scenario can in principle reproduce both radio and X-ray emission, but at the expense of postulating very large boost factors from dark matter substructures, jointly with extremely low values of the average magnetic field. Finally, a scenario where synchrotron and inverse Compton emission arise from PeV electron-positron pairs (via interactions with the CMB), can be ruled out, as it predicts a non-thermal soft X-ray emission that largely exceeds the thermal Bremsstrahlung measured by INTEGRAL.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 13 pages, 8 figures. Includes minor changes. Abridged abstrac

Influencias del paisaje, climatología y manejo agrícola sobre la biodiversidad asociada a viña: efectos sobre servicios ecosistémicos y sostenibilidad frente a cambio global (Proyecto BA C O)

Dentro de un contexto dominado por el cambio rápido y frecuente, es básico analizar sus efectos sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos que ésta provee. El cultivo de la viña es uno de los sistemas agrícolas más antiguos de la región Mediterránea, con una interacción muy estrecha entre el manejo humano y el ambiente natural circundante. El proyecto BA C O pretende, desde un enfoque multidisciplinar, evaluar el papel del clima, paisaje y manejo sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos asociados a viñedos. Se proponen los siguientes objetivos: i) caracterizar el paisaje, ambiente, clima y tipo de manejo de las principales explotaciones de vid; ii) evaluar la influencia del paisaje, ambiente y manejo en la biodiversidad de los viñedos y iii) estimar los servicios ecosistémicos que esta diversidad aporta. Se usarán tres escalas espaciales de resolución: a) Regional, considerando todos los viñedos y sistemas de manejo (convencional/ ecológico; variedades de uva) presentes en Andalucía; b) F inca, situadas en un gradiente altitudinal (proxi de Tª) y de paisaje, en las que se realizarán medidas de biodiversidad, servicios ecosistémicos, productividad, funcionalidad y sostenibilidad del viñedo frente a cambio global y c) Cepa, en las que se tomarán muestras de suelo, sarmientos, hojas, raíces, estado fisiológico, afectación por plagas, productividad y calidad. Los resultados esperamos que sirvan para: 1) mejorar predicciones y tomas de decisiones de gestión; 2) generar documentos de transferencia identificando las prácticas de manejo y uso agrícola más sostenibles que optimicen la conservación de los recursos naturales y los beneficios socioeconómicos y 3) el desarrollo de herramientas que permitan predecir efectos futuros derivados de cambio climático y de usos de suelo, así como su interacción y sus efectos sobre la biodiversidad, servicios ecosistémicos asociados y su capacidad de resiliencia.Dentro de un contexto dominado por el cambio rápido y frecuente, es básico analizar sus efectos sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos que ésta provee. El cultivo de la viña es uno de los sistemas agrícolas más antiguos de la región Mediterránea, con una interacción muy estrecha entre el manejo humano y el ambiente natural circundante. El proyecto BA C O pretende, desde un enfoque multidisciplinar, evaluar el papel del clima, paisaje y manejo sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos asociados a viñedos. Se proponen los siguientes objetivos: i) caracterizar el paisaje, ambiente, clima y tipo de manejo de las principales explotaciones de vid; ii) evaluar la influencia del paisaje, ambiente y manejo en la biodiversidad de los viñedos y iii) estimar los servicios ecosistémicos que esta diversidad aporta. Se usarán tres escalas espaciales de resolución: a) Regional, considerando todos los viñedos y sistemas de manejo (convencional/ ecológico; variedades de uva) presentes en Andalucía; b) F inca, situadas en un gradiente altitudinal (proxi de Tª) y de paisaje, en las que se realizarán medidas de biodiversidad, servicios ecosistémicos, productividad, funcionalidad y sostenibilidad del viñedo frente a cambio global y c) Cepa, en las que se tomarán muestras de suelo, sarmientos, hojas, raíces, estado fisiológico, afectación por plagas, productividad y calidad. Los resultados esperamos que sirvan para: 1) mejorar predicciones y tomas de decisiones de gestión; 2) generar documentos de transferencia identificando las prácticas de manejo y uso agrícola más sostenibles que optimicen la conservación de los recursos naturales y los beneficios socioeconómicos y 3) el desarrollo de herramientas que permitan predecir efectos futuros derivados de cambio climático y de usos de suelo, así como su interacción y sus efectos sobre la biodiversidad, servicios ecosistémicos asociados y su capacidad de resiliencia

Experimental methods in chemical engineering: X ‐ray absorption spectroscopy— XAS , XANES , EXAFS

Although X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was conceived in the early 20th century, it took 60 years after the advent of synchrotrons for researchers to exploit its tremendous potential. Counterintuitively, researchers are now developing bench type polychromatic X-ray sources that are less brilliant to measure catalyst stability and work with toxic substances. XAS measures the absorption spectra of electrons that X-rays eject from the tightly bound core electrons to the continuum. The spectrum from 10 to 150 eV (kinetic energy of the photoelectrons) above the chemical potential—binding energy of core electrons—identifies oxidation state and band occupancy (X-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES), while higher energies in the spectrum relate to local atomic structure like coordination number and distance, Debye-Waller factor, and inner potential correction (extended X-ray absorption fine structure, EXAFS). Combining XAS with complementary spectroscopic techniques like Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) elucidates the nature of the chemical bonds at the catalyst surface to better understand reaction mechanisms and intermediates. Because synchrotrons continue to be the light source of choice for most researchers, the number of articles Web of Science indexes per year has grown from 1000 in 1991 to 1700 in 2020. Material scientists and physical chemists publish an order of magnitude articles more than chemical engineers. Based on a bibliometric analysis, the research comprises five clusters centred around: electronic and optical properties, oxidation and hydrogenation catalysis, complementary analytical techniques like FTIR, nanoparticles and electrocatalysis, and iron, metals, and complexes

Evaluation of the Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown in the Clinical Course of Migraine

Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated that emotional stress, changes in lifestyle habits and infections can worsen the clinical course of migraine. We hypothesize that changes in habits and medical care during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown might have worsened the clinical course of migraine. Design: Retrospective survey study collecting online responses from migraine patients followed-up by neurologists at three tertiary hospitals between June and July 2020. Methods: We used a web-based survey that included demographic data, clinical variables related with any headache (frequency) and migraine (subjective worsening, frequency, and intensity), lockdown, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Results: The response rate of the survey was 239/324 (73.8%). The final analysis included 222 subjects. Among them, 201/222 (90.5%) were women, aged 42.5 ± 12.0 (mean±SD). Subjective improvement of migraine during lockdown was reported in 31/222 participants (14.0%), while worsening in 105/222 (47.3%) and was associated with changes in migraine triggers such as stress related to going outdoors and intake of specific foods or drinks. Intensity of attacks increased in 67/222 patients (30.2%), and it was associated with the subjective worsening, female sex, recent insomnia, and use of acute medication during a headache. An increase in monthly days with any headache was observed in 105/222 patients (47.3%) and was related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress, older age and living with five or more people. Conclusions: Approximately half the migraine patients reported worsening of their usual pain during the lockdown. Worse clinical course in migraine patients was related to changes in triggers and the emotional impact of the lockdown. © 2021 The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Pain Medicine