Frutos secos en la península ibérica: presente y futuro

Se analiza la situación actual y futura de la producción de las seis especies de frutos secos más importantes (almendro, avellano, nogal, pistachero, castaño y pino piñonero) en la península ibérica. Se detallan superficies de cultivo, producciones y su evolución tanto a nivel de esta como mundial. Se revisan las fortalezas, las debilidades, las oportunidades y las amenazas de cada fruto seco en España y Portugal. El sector ibérico de la fruta seca está experimentando una gran revolución tecnológica. Las producciones ibérica y mundial, debido a la creciente demanda se están incrementando en las últimas décadas. Los frutos secos presentan ventajas competitivas frente a las producciones de otros frutales desde el punto de vista del productor y del consumidor. Las plagas y enfermedades junto con el cambio climático son los principales factores limitantes. Es necesario el desarrollo de nuevas variedades y patrones adaptados a diferentes condicionantes productivos. Se consideran algunos aspectos de la calidad de los frutos secos, la seguridad alimentaria y su innovación. Además, la organización del sector, la investigación y la innovación junto con la transferencia son básicos para su competitividad.Este trabajo ha sido financiado en parte por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad español a través de varios proyectos y por el Programa CERCA de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Los autores agradecen a A. P. Silva de Universidade de Tràs os Montes e Alto Duoro, (UTAD) por la valiosa información facilitada referente a la situación actual y perspectivas sobre algunos frutos secos producidos en Portugal. La autora L. Lipan ha sido financiada por el Ministerio de Universidades y por la Unión Europea–Next Generation EU en el marco de las Ayudas para la Recualificación del Sistema Universitario Español, en la modalidad Margarita Salas. El autor F. Pérez de los Cobos agradece la beca doctoral otorgada por el MINECOinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars

Loss of genetic variability is an increasing challenge in tree breeding programs due to the repeated use of a reduced number of founder genotypes. However, in almond, little is known about the genetic variability in current breeding stocks, although several cases of inbreeding depression have been reported. To gain insights into the genetic structure in modern breeding programs worldwide, marker-verified pedigree data of 220 almond cultivars and breeding selections were analyzed. Inbreeding coefficients, pairwise relatedness, and genetic contribution were calculated for these genotypes. The results reveal two mainstream breeding lines based on three cultivars: “Tuono”, “Cristomorto”, and “Nonpareil”. Descendants from “Tuono” or “Cristomorto” number 76 (sharing 34 descendants), while “Nonpareil” has 71 descendants. The mean inbreeding coefficient of the analyzed genotypes was 0.041, with 14 genotypes presenting a high inbreeding coefficient, over 0.250. Breeding programs from France, the USA, and Spain showed inbreeding coefficients of 0.075, 0.070, and 0.037, respectively. According to their genetic contribution, modern cultivars from Israel, France, the USA, Spain, and Australia trace back to a maximum of six main founding genotypes. Among the group of 65 genotypes carrying the Sf allele for self-compatibility, the mean relatedness coefficient was 0.125, with “Tuono” as the main founding genotype (24.7% of total genetic contribution). The results broaden our understanding about the tendencies followed in almond breeding over the last 50 years and will have a large impact into breeding decision-making process worldwide. Increasing current genetic variability is required in almond breeding programs to assure genetic gain and continuing breeding progress

The Campo de Dalias GNSS Network Unveils the Interaction between Roll-Back and Indentation Tectonics in the Gibraltar Arc

12 pages, 7 figures, 1 table.-- Data Availability Statement: The data are included in Table 1 of this paperThe Gibraltar Arc includes the Betic and Rif Cordilleras surrounding the Alboran Sea; it is formed at the northwest–southeast Eurasia–Nubia convergent plate boundary in the westernmost Mediterranean. Since 2006, the Campo de Dalias GNSS network has monitored active tectonic deformation of the most seismically active area on the north coast of the Alboran Sea. Our results show that the residual deformation rates with respect to Eurasia range from 1.7 to 3.0 mm/year; roughly homogenous west-southwestward displacements of the northern sites occur, while the southern sites evidence irregular displacements towards the west and northwest. This deformation pattern supports simultaneous east-northeast–west-southwest extension, accommodated by normal and oblique faults, and north-northwest–south-southeast shortening that develops east-northeast–west-southwest folds. Moreover, the GNSS results point to dextral creep of the main northwest–southeast Balanegra Fault. These GNNS results thus reveal, for the first time, present-day interaction of the roll-back tectonics of the Rif–Gibraltar–Betic slab in the western part of the Gibraltar Arc with the indentation tectonics affecting the eastern and southern areas, providing new insights for improving tectonic models of arcuate orogensJunta de Andalucia; European Regional Development Fund; grant numbers: AGORA P18-RT-3275, PAPEL B-RNM-301-UGR18. Programa Operativo FEDER-Andalucia 2014–2020 Project ref. 1263446; University of Jaén; CEACTEMA; grant number: POAIUJA 21/22. Junta de Andalucía (Andalusian Board); grant numbers: RNM-148, RNM-282, RNM-370. V.T.S. was supported by the FPU PhD grant (16/04038)With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)Peer reviewe

Search for Spatial Correlations of Neutrinos with Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays

For several decades, the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) has been an unsolved question of high-energy astrophysics. One approach for solving this puzzle is to correlate UHECRs with high-energy neutrinos, since neutrinos are a direct probe of hadronic interactions of cosmic rays and are not deflected by magnetic fields. In this paper, we present three different approaches for correlating the arrival directions of neutrinos with the arrival directions of UHECRs. The neutrino data are provided by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and ANTARES, while the UHECR data with energies above ∼50 EeV are provided by the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array. All experiments provide increased statistics and improved reconstructions with respect to our previous results reported in 2015. The first analysis uses a high-statistics neutrino sample optimized for point-source searches to search for excesses of neutrino clustering in the vicinity of UHECR directions. The second analysis searches for an excess of UHECRs in the direction of the highest-energy neutrinos. The third analysis searches for an excess of pairs of UHECRs and highest-energy neutrinos on different angular scales. None of the analyses have found a significant excess, and previously reported overfluctuations are reduced in significance. Based on these results, we further constrain the neutrino flux spatially correlated with UHECRs

Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars.

Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature., Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars.Publishe