Prevalencia de Pseudopresbicia en trabajadores administrativos en las edades comprendidas entre 30 a 40 años de edad, de las Facultades de Ciencias Médicas y Ciencias e Ingeniería de la UNAN – Managua; en el período del 15 de Julio al 15 de Noviembre del año 2015

El presente estudio, Prevalencia de Pseudopresbicia en trabajadores administrativos en las edades comprendidas entre 30 a 40 años de edad, de las Facultades de Ciencias Médicas y Ciencias e Ingeniería de la UNAN – Managua; en el período del 15 de Julio al 15 de Noviembre del año 2015. Es de tipo Descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal, constituyéndose por una población de 160 trabajadores administrativo, y una muestra calculada mediante el método aleatorio simple, finito con un total de 114 trabajadores administrativos, de los cuales, 56 fueron participes por cumplir con los rangos de edad establecidos por el tipo de estudio. El grupo etario que resulto con mayor afectación fue entre los 34-37 años, siendo predominante en sexo Femenino, con un 54℅ en relación al sexo Masculino con un 46%. Por otra parte el estudio reveló, que hay altos porcentajes de problemas refractivos no corregidos, siendo predominante la hipermetropía simple y Astigmatismo hipermetrópico con más del 59%; las anomalías Acomodativas en un 51.8%, y las disfunciones binoculares en un 59%. Todas estas disfunciones y anomalías visuales tienden a entorpecer la visión cercana, demostrando que más del 37 % de la población a estudio tiene falsa presbicia, causada por una de estas disfunciones visuales

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular midwall mechanics in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Aims. The present study was attempted to determine whether LV midwall mechanics yielded different conclusions about LV systolic function than the assessment of endocardial LV mechanics by echocardiography in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods and results. Thirty-six (18 Wistar normotensive (W), 18 [SHR]) anesthetized rats were studied with two-dimensional directed M-mode echocardiogram to analyze LV structure (LV diameter, left ventricular wall thickness and LV mass [LVM]) and LV function (endocardial shortening [ES] and midwall shortening [MS]). Measurements were made from three consecutive cardiac cycles on the M-mode tracings. There was no significant difference in LV dimension. LVM was higher in SHR (SHR: 595 ± 111 mg, W: 413 ± 83 mg - p < 0.01). ES was higher in SHR (SHR: 64.1 ± 6%, w: 58.2 ± 4% - p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was found in MS (SHR: 27 ± 4%, W: 27.6 ± 4% - ns). Twelve of 18 (66%) SHR showed endocardial shortening higher than normally predicted, compared with 3/18 (16%) with observed enhanced MS (p < 0.01). Conclusion. These results suggest that the analysis of midwall mechanics by echo allows us to better understand the LV performance in SHR and that the exaggerated endocardial motion could not represent a really supernormal systolic performance.Facultad de Ciencias MédicasCentro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculare

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular midwall mechanics in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Aims. The present study was attempted to determine whether LV midwall mechanics yielded different conclusions about LV systolic function than the assessment of endocardial LV mechanics by echocardiography in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods and results. Thirty-six (18 Wistar normotensive (W), 18 [SHR]) anesthetized rats were studied with two-dimensional directed M-mode echocardiogram to analyze LV structure (LV diameter, left ventricular wall thickness and LV mass [LVM]) and LV function (endocardial shortening [ES] and midwall shortening [MS]). Measurements were made from three consecutive cardiac cycles on the M-mode tracings. There was no significant difference in LV dimension. LVM was higher in SHR (SHR: 595 ± 111 mg, W: 413 ± 83 mg - p < 0.01). ES was higher in SHR (SHR: 64.1 ± 6%, w: 58.2 ± 4% - p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was found in MS (SHR: 27 ± 4%, W: 27.6 ± 4% - ns). Twelve of 18 (66%) SHR showed endocardial shortening higher than normally predicted, compared with 3/18 (16%) with observed enhanced MS (p < 0.01). Conclusion. These results suggest that the analysis of midwall mechanics by echo allows us to better understand the LV performance in SHR and that the exaggerated endocardial motion could not represent a really supernormal systolic performance.Facultad de Ciencias MédicasCentro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculare

An Overview of P-Lingua 2.0

P–Lingua is a programming language for membrane computing which aims to be a standard to define P systems. In order to implement this idea, a Java library called pLinguaCore has been developed as a software framework for cell–like P systems. It is able to handle input files (either in XML or in P–Lingua format) defining P systems from a number of different cell–like P system models. Moreover, the library includes several built–in simulators for each supported model. For the sake of software portability, pLinguaCore can export a P system definition to any convenient output format (currently XML and binary formats are available). This software is not a closed product, but it can be extended to accept new input or output formats and also new models or simulators. The term P–Lingua 2.0 refers to the software package consisting of the above mentioned library together with a user interface called pLinguaPlugin (more details can be found at http://www.p-lingua.org). Finally, in order to illustrate the software, this paper includes an application using pLinguaCore for describing and simulating ecosystems by means of P systems.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TIN2006-13425Junta de Andalucía TIC04200

Moss establishment success is determined by the interaction between propagule size and species identity

Colonization of new habitat patches is a key aspect of metacommunity dynamics, particularly for sessile organisms. Mosses can establish in new patches through fragmentation, with different vegetative structures acting as propagules. Despite the importance of these propagules for successful colonization the specific aspects that favour moss colonization by vegetative propagules remain poorly understood, including the effect of propagule size. We examine the intra- and interspecific variation of establishment and colonization success in culture of propagules of different sizes in six widespread soil moss species of contrasting growth form (Dicranum scoparium, Homalothecium aureum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Ptychostomum capillare, Syntrichia ruralis and Tortella squarrosa). We obtained three different size classes of propagules from artificially fragmented vegetative material, and assessed their establishment under controlled light and temperature conditions. We characterize the size, shape, apparent viability, morphological type and size changes due to hydration states of the propagules, all of them traits with potentially significant influence in their dispersal pattern and establishment. Then we assess the effect of these traits on moss establishment, using indicators of surface establishment (number of established shoots and colonized surface) and biomass production (viable biomass) as proxies of colonization success. The establishment indicators related to colonization surface and biomass production differ among species and propagule sizes. The magnitude of the interspecific differences of all indicators of establishment success was larger at the smaller propagule size class. T. squarrosa was the most successful species, and D. scoparium showed the lowest performance. We also found interspecific differences in the hydration dynamics of the propagules. The process of establishment by vegetative fragments operates differently among moss species. Besides, differences between hydration states in propagules of some species could be part of syndromes for both dispersal and establishment. This study unveils several functional traits relevant for moss colonization, such as wet versus dry area and length of fragments, which may improve our understanding of their spatial dynamic

A P–Lingua Based Simulator for Spiking Neural P Systems

The research within the field of Spiking Neural P systems (SN P systems, for short) is focusing mainly in the study of the computational completeness (they are equivalent in power to Turing machines) and computational efficiency of this kind of systems. These devices have been shown capable of providing polynomial time solutions to computationally hard problems by making use of an exponential workspace constructed in a natural way. In order to experimentally explore this computational power, it is necessary to develop software that provides simulation tools (simulators) for the existing variety of SN P systems. Such simulators allow us to carry out computations of solutions to NP-complete problems on certain instances. Within this trend, P-Lingua provides a standard language for the definition of P systems. As part of the same project, pLinguaCore library provides particular implementations of parsers and simulators for the models specified in P-Lingua. In this paper, an extension of the P-Lingua language to define SN P systems is presented, along with an upgrade of pLinguaCore including a parser and a new simulator for the variants of these systems included in the language.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación TIN2009–13192Junta de Andalucía P08-TIC-0420

DISEÑO, MODELO CINEMÁTICO Y SIMULACIÓN DE UN ROBOT NEUMÁTICO DE 4 DOF (DESIGN, KINEMATIC MODEL AND SIMULATION OF A 4 DOF PNEUMATIC ROBOT)

En el desarrollo de la tecnología industrial, los robots industriales juegan un papel muy importante para una gran variedad de tareas, como es traslado de materiales, aplicación de soldadura, aplicación de pintura, entre otros. Actualmente, gran parte de los sistemas robóticos son accionados mediante actuadores eléctricos debido a su fácil control. Sin embargo, los actuadores eléctricos tienen una relación potencia-peso baja. Esto es, para levantar poco peso, requieren de una gran cantidad de energía. Los actuadores eléctricos no son los únicos que pueden ser utilizados, también se tienen actuadores neumáticos pero en menor cantidad que los eléctricos. Los actuadores neumáticos tienen una alta relación potencia-peso, pues pueden levantar mayor peso con menos energía y sin riesgo de daños. La fuente de energía de un actuador neumático es el aire comprimido, por lo que no se genera contaminantes y en caso de que el actuador se sobrecargue, simplemente no se va a mover y no se genera daño alguno. En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de la simulación de la planeación de trayectoria de un robot neumático de 4 grados de libertad (DOF), a partir del desarrollo del modelo cinemático. Así mismo, se presenta el análisis cinemático de velocidad del robot y el análisis de posición de un mecanismo de 4 barras del manipulador presente en el diseño del robot neumático.Palabra(s) Clave: Cinemática, Planeación de trayectoria, Robots neumáticos. AbstractIn the development of industrial technology, industrial robots have a very important role in different tasks, such as, material displacement, welding processes, paint application, among others. Currently, most of the robotic systems are powered by electric actuators due to its easy control. However, electric actuators have a low power-to-weight ratio. In other words, in order to lift little weight, they require a large amount of energy. Not only electric actuators can be used, but also there are pneumatic actuators that are in fewer quantities than the electric ones. Pneumatic actuators have a high power-to-weight ratio, because they can lift more weight with less energy and without damage risk. The source of energy of a pneumatic actuator is compressed air, so contaminants are not generated and in case the actuator is overloaded, it would simply not move and no damage generated. This paper presents the development of the simulation of the planning trajectory of a pneumatic robot with 4 degrees of freedom (DOF), from the kinematic model development. Additionally, it presents the kinematic analysis of the robot's speed and the position analysis of a 4-bar mechanism from the manipulator in the design of the pneumatic robot.Keywords: pneumatic robot, kinematic model, planning trajectory

Vocabulario bilingüe de Masonería

Trabajo sistemático de terminología sobre la masonería